A school nurse perspective on lesbian and gay adolescents: identity development.
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Adolescent↗
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Quality-of-life factors in adolescent inflammatory bowel disease.
Little is known about the specific psychosocial factors that influence quality of life in adolescents with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We adapted a model by Garrett and Drossman to assess adolescent adjustment to recent-onset IBD. Thirty adolescent-parent pairs completed a set of standardized questionnaires. The inclusion criteria were adolescents 12-18 years of age with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis of < 5 years' duration. Adolescents' health-related quality-of-life scores significantly correlated with satisfaction and degree of closeness with their social support members, such as parents. An unexpected finding was that the adolescents included more extended family than peers in their social support networks. Also of note was that parental coping styles rather than adolescent coping styles significantly correlated with adolescents' quality-of-life health scores. Severity of illness did not correlate with adolescent quality-of-life health scores. There was significant agreement between adolescent and parental quality-of-life health scores and stressful event ratings. Adolescents with recent-onset IBD rely more on family members than their peers for emotional support, and they depend more on their parents' coping skills than their own. These findings may indicate lags in normal adolescent development. Adolescents and parents do communicate and share concerns with each other. Support programs for adolescents with IBD should reinforce existing coping skills and parent-adolescent communication while promoting normative development.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Schools, families, and early adolescents: what are we doing wrong and what can we do instead?
Although most individuals pass through adolescence without excessively high levels of "storm and stress," many individuals experience difficulty during this period. Why? Is there something unique about this developmental period that puts individuals at greater risk for difficulty? This paper focuses on these questions and advances the hypothesis that some of the "negative" psychological and behavioral changes associated with adolescent development result from a mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents and their experiences at school and at home. It provides theoretical and empirical examples of how this mismatch develops, how it is linked to negative age-related changes in early adolescents' motivation, self-perceptions, self-evaluations, and psychological competence, and how we could provide more developmentally appropriate social environments, particularly at school.
Adolescent↗
The Pre-Adult Health Decision-Making Model: linking decision-making directedness/orientation to adolescent health-related attitudes and behaviors.
In light of the broad consequences of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, as well as the increased rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnancy, and alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents, there is a great need to understand how adolescents make health decisions. This paper presents a model for adolescent health behavior, the Pre-Adult Health Decision-Making Model (PAHDM), which takes into account the differential information processing from peer sources, parent sources, or through critical or reflexive self-analysis. Also presented is a review of the large corpora of psychological and sociological literature on adolescent development, adolescent health behaviors, and, more specifically, AIDS and other STDs as a public health problem. The need for additional research in the area of adolescent health decision-making, and for a health behavior model that is specific to the "lifeworld" of the adolescent, is stressed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Medication non-adherence in the adolescent renal transplant recipient: a clinician's viewpoint.
Recent advancements in immunosuppression and surgical techniques have significantly improved the outcome of kidney transplantation in the pediatric population. Adolescents enjoy the best 1-year graft survival of any age group. However, the long-term transplant outcome in adolescents is disappointing. Non-adherence with immunosuppressive medications is one of the most important contributing factors for graft rejection and loss in teenagers. The impact of non-adherence is perceived to be far more powerful in adolescent transplant recipients than in the transplant population as a whole. To better understand adolescent non-adherence, the process of transplantation must be placed in the context of adolescent development. Adolescents try to establish their identity and autonomy separately from the parents; however at the same time, adolescents with chronic illness require help, support and guidance from adults, including parents and medical personnel. Adolescents have limited ability to anticipate abstractly the long-term consequences of their immediate actions. This inconsistency can create frustration in both adolescents and in the supporting systems around them. Despite the significant consequences of adolescent non-adherence, research in this area is scarce. There are still no established definitions, standardized diagnostic methods and effective interventions to treat and prevent this problem. We propose the recommendations to approach the problems of adolescent transplant non-adherence from the transplant clinician's viewpoint. With early identification and appropriate interventions, significant improvement in adolescent graft survival is possible.
Adolescent↗
Adolescent Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Recent Developments.
Adolescents and young adults continue to have the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases. New chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnostic tests are being used in innovative ways to increase the number of infections that are detected. Nevertheless, challenges such as gonorrhea resistance and partner notification and treatment continue to hinder efforts to reduce the prevalence of these two bacterial infections. Although recent surveillance data suggest a decreasing trend of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) incidence among adolescents and young adults, the incidence of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) in adolescent and young adult females remains high. Progress has been made toward the development of vaccines that may become available in the future to prevent infection with and sequelae from HSV-2 and HPV.
Journal Article↗
The Dating Anxiety Scale for Adolescents: scale development and associations with adolescent functioning.
Given the importance of romantic and dating relationships during adolescence, the purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dating Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (DAS-A). Participants were 757 high school students (56% girls, ages 15 to 18 years). Adolescents completed the DAS-A, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), a Dating Questionnaire, and the Revised Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Factor analysis of the DAS-A yielded a 3-factor solution with acceptable internal consistencies: fear of negative evaluation in dating situations (FNE-Dating); social distress when interacting with real or potential dating partners (SD-Date); and social distress when in a group of mixed-sex peers (SD-Group). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 3-factor solution. Results indicated that younger adolescents reported more dating anxiety than older adolescents, and boys reported more SD-Group than girls. Dating anxiety was associated with peer-related anxiety and depressive symptoms and was a significant predictor of adolescents' current and usual dating status, even when controlling for adolescents' peer-related social anxiety. The findings provide support for the reliability and validity of the DAS-A. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Work group I: developing models of healthy adolescent physical development.
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Adolescent↗
[Corporal development of adolescents in Brno. I. Development of 14 and 15-year olds].
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Adolescent↗
Typical adolescent sexual development.
This article addresses the typical components that contribute to the development of adolescent sexuality. It defines the important terms that are addressed in the article, explains the roots of human sexuality from birth and childhood, and details three components of adolescent sexuality: biologic, psychologic, and social cultural. The concluding sections on sexual education and sexual risk-taking further explain key factors in the development of adolescent sexuality.
Adolescent↗
Childhood and adolescent psychologic development.
Child and adolescent psychologic development is a complex process that is governed by the interactions of multiple biologic, genetic, sociocultural, and environmental variables. Viewed from an ecological context, the individual influences, and is influenced by, a multilayered set of systems, including the family, school, neighborhood, and peer group, as well as the more indirect effects of the workplace, health care and social services systems, and the larger cultural belief and value systems of the society in which the individual lives. This article reviews the major developmental themes and transitions through which children and adolescents must move on the path to adulthood. Primary developmental tasks are reviewed within each age period from birth to adulthood, along with a discussion of several risk factors that present challenges to normal development at the individual, family, community, and societal levels. The important roles of pediatricians and other health care professionals in helping children and families negotiate these developmental challenges is also reviewed.
Adolescent↗
Pubertal maturation and the development of behavioural and emotional problems in early adolescence.
Development of problem behaviour in early adolescence was predicted from change in pubertal stage and timing of pubertal development. Parent-reported (Child Behavior Checklist) and self-reported (Youth Self-Report) problem behaviour, pubertal stage and life events were assessed twice from a community sample of nearly 1300 Dutch children, aged 10-12 years at T1 and 12-14 years at T2. Pubertal change was a significant predictor of development in most parent-reported problems. Once initial differences in problems had been accounted for, the slower the progress in pubertal development, the higher the problem score at T2. Development of self-reported problems was independent of pubertal change. Pubertal timing predicted development of two parent-reported and three self-reported problem scales. Of the parent-reported problems, early maturation was associated with a decrease in boys' social problems and attention problems. Late maturing increased girls' social problems. Of the self-reported problems, early maturation was associated with an increase in girls' withdrawn and delinquent behaviour. Late maturing increased boys' attention problems. We conclude that pubertal development has small but significant effects on the development of problem behaviour in early adolescence.
Adolescent↗
Longitudinal assessment of autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions as predictors of adolescent ego development and self-esteem.
This study examined links between processes of establishing autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions and adolescents' psychosocial development. Adolescents in 2-parent families and their parents were observed in a revealed-differences interaction task when adolescents were 14, and adolescents' ego development and self-esteem were assessed at both 14 and 16. Developmental indices were strongly related to autonomy and relatedness displayed by both parents and adolescents. Significant variance was explained even after accounting for the number and quality of speeches of each family member as rated by a different, well-validated family coding system. Increases in adolescents' ego development and self-esteem over time were predicted by fathers' behaviors challenging adolescents' autonomy and relatedness, but only when these occurred in the context of fathers' overall display of autonomous-relatedness with the adolescent. The importance of the mutually negotiated process of adolescents' exploration from the secure base of parental relationships is discussed.
Adolescent↗
Toward an integrated theory of adolescent ego development: the "new look" at adolescent egocentrism.
The theoretical and empirical status of the traditional theory of adolescent egocentrism is examined and found wanting. An alternative theory is reviewed that reconceptualizes the ideational patterns of "egocentrism" as adaptational and coping functions of ego development, avoids anomalies found in the traditional theory, and promises a progressive research program.
Adolescent↗
Profiles of adolescent stress: the development of the adolescent stress questionnaire (ASQ).
The importance of stress in the understanding of adolescent health and well-being is widely documented. The measurement of adolescent stress has however been subjected to sufficient methodological and conceptual criticism in recent times to warrant a concerted re-evaluation of the exercise. This study sought information on the nature of adolescent stressors, building on a previous instrument developed by the first author to ask adolescents themselves to inform the development of a pool of new items reflecting stressor experience and to advise on the wording of these items to comprehensively assess that experience. This pool of items was then administered as a self-reported questionnaire to a large sample of school-age adolescents (N>1000) together with a scale to assess the intensity of distress arising from stressor occurrence. Principal components analysis of the questionnaire yielded 10 internally reliable dimensions of adolescent stress, the nature of which were consistent with the available literature on adolescent stressor experience. Scales constructed from this PCA related positively to measures of anxiety and depression, and negatively to a measure of self-esteem, suggesting that they were valid measures of adolescent stress. Test-retest reliability was good for all scales. The resultant Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ) is therefore suggested to have potential for the measurement of adolescent stress in both research and clinical contexts.
Achievement↗
Models for understanding adolescent coping with bereavement.
Several issues impinge on scholars and practitioners interested in adolescent bereavement. First and foremost, adolescent bereavement over the death of a family member or a friend is more prevalent than many persons recognize. Second, scholars and practitioners need models that link adolescent development with adolescent coping during bereavement. Third, models are needed (a) to assist in rethinking what "recovery from bereavement" denotes and (b) to afford criteria for assessing recovery from bereavement. The author reviews findings on bereavement during adolescent development and gives particular attention to three models that enhance our understanding of coping with the life crises bereavement presents to adolescents. One model links grief during adolescence to developmental tasks; another model presents adaptive tasks and coping skills; and the third model identifies sentiments essential for human wholeness. Findings from a variety of studies with bereaved adolescents provide data to test the usefulness of the models. The closing discussion centers on implications for working with bereaved adolescents.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Neurocognitive development in adolescent males or adolescent boys are from Pluto.
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Adolescent↗
Adolescent brain development and animal models.
Research examining brain development during adolescence is escalating rapidly along multiple dimensions, as illustrated by the remarkable diversity of trans-disciplinary work shown in this symposium. Ontogenetic transitions characteristics of adolescence are common among mammalian species. Although no other species demonstrates the full complexity of brain and behavioral function seen in human adolescents, adolescence appears to be a highly conserved developmental stage, its characteristics sculpted to meet common evolutionary pressures that include the avoidance of inbreeding at this time of sexual emergence. Numerous similarities are found between human adolescents and adolescents of other species in terms of developmental history and genetic constraints, as well as neurobehavioral and physiological characteristics. These similarities provide face and construct validity to support use of animal models as tools for the study of adolescence and the unique opportunities and vulnerabilities afforded by this developmental transition.
Adolescent↗