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PubMed1993

Acetone-dependent regulation of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502B1 in rat nasal mucosa.

The inducibility and molecular regulation of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) has been examined in nasal mucosa of rats after acetone treatment and compared to that of cytochrome P4502B1 (CYP2B1). Twenty-four hours following treatment with acetone (5 mL/kg) for 2 days, the amount of CYP2E1 as well as the rate of microsomal 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity had increased by a factor of 2-3, in microsomes isolated from nasal mucosa. The increase in CYP2E1 was accompanied by a corresponding increase of CYP2E1 mRNA, as determined by northern and slot blot analyses. In contrast, hepatic and renal CYP2E1 mRNA, studied in the same rats, did not increase, despite the fact that the amount of CYP2E1 was increased 3- and 5-fold, respectively. The amount of CYP2B1, an isozyme known as acetone-inducible in other tissues, decreased significantly by acetone, as detected by immunoblot analysis. After 48 hr, the amount of CYP2E1 enzyme, the level of CYP2E1 mRNA and the rate of 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity had returned to normal levels, whereas in liver and kidneys the immunoreactive protein remained 3-4-fold higher than control. The results indicate that acetone does not regulate CYP2E1 in nasal mucosa by post-translational mechanisms, in contrast to the situation observed in liver and kidneys. This indicates a tissue-specific expression of post-translational regulatory systems responsible for P450 stabilization. Furthermore, nasal CYP2B1 also seems to be regulated in a tissue-specific manner by acetone.

Acetone↗
PubMed1978

Effect of hexachlorobenzene and acetone on algal growth: physiology and ultrastructure.

The effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and acetone on growth and ultrastructure of the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa was studied. The algal cells were grown for 76 h under continuous light in 10 ppm HCB with 0.33% acetone or in 0.33% acetone alone; the control cells were grown in nutrient solution only. As was deduced from determinations of dry matter, carbohydrates, chlorophyll content and total nitrogen, 0.33% acetone in nutrient solution slightly decreased the growth of the cells without having any influence on their ultrastructure while 3.33% acetone affected the ultrastructure of the cells severely. An incubation of Chlorella with 10 ppm HCB in nutrient sultion containing 0.33% acetone led to a drastic decrease of all growth parameters studied, total nitrogen and chlorophyll content being affected most strongly. These latter observations were in accord with the changes in ultrastructure showing damage to the cell membranes, disintegrated cytoplasm and sometimes even break down of cell organells leaving only starch grains, the pyrenoid and some endomembranes. In addition to these cells with severe lesions, quite normal cells were found.

Acetone↗
PubMed1999

Acetone catabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1: studies with CYP2E1-null mice.

Previous experiments in vitro have suggested that cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is involved in acetone catabolism by converting acetone to acetol and then to methylglyoxal, both intermediates in the gluconeogenic pathway. In the present study, CYP2E1-null mice were used to demonstrate the role of CYP2E1 in acetone catabolism in vivo. The blood acetone level in male CYP2E1-null mice was 3.3 +/- 0.9 microg/mL, which was similar to levels of their sex- and age-matched parental lineage strains C57BL/6N (2.3 +/- 0.2 microg/mL) and 129/Sv (3.5 +/- 0.3 microg/mL) mice (both are CYP2E1 wild-type). After fasting for 48 hr, the blood acetone levels in the CYP2E1 wild-type mice were increased by 2.5- to 4.4-fold, but that in the CYP2E1-null mice increased 28-fold. These results clearly demonstrate that CYP2E1 plays a vital role in the catabolism of acetone under fasting conditions.

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PubMed1987

Analysis of acetone-hexane artifacts produced in the Soxhlet extraction of solid environmental samples.

A study was performed to examine the artifact formation during the acetone-hexane Soxhlet extraction of suspended materials collected on glass fiber filters. Capillary gas chromatographic analysis showed a great number of artifacts of significant concentration in the Soxhlet extractions of the filters after cleaning, the acetone solvent blank and the acetone-hexane Soxhlet blank. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis indicated that the compounds are primarily condensation products of acetone produced during the Soxhlet extraction process and solvent impurities. Acetone and hexane washes of the glass fiber filters showed a large variety of compounds to be present on the filters as received from the manufacturer. A reaction scheme is proposed to explain the formation of some of the acetone condensation products identified in this study. A comparison study using methylene chloride to clean and extract the filters showed considerably less artifact formation and solvent impurities. The development of an appropriate quality assured extraction method, which minimizes artifact formation, is needed for the broad spectrum analysis of non-polar trace organics associated with suspended materials in aquatic samples.

Acetone↗
PubMed2001

Influence of the operating conditions in the acetone pulping of wheat straw on the properties of the resulting paper sheets.

A central composite factor design was used to examine the influence of independent variables in the acetone pulping of wheat straw (processing temperature, time, and acetone concentration) on the yield of the resulting pulp, and on various physical properties of paper sheets (breaking length, stretch, burst index, tear index and brightness) obtained from it. Equations that related each dependent variable to the different independent variables were obtained, and these reproduced the experimental results for the yield, breaking, stretch, burst index and brightness obtained at temperatures, times, and acetone concentratons over the ranges 140-180 degrees C, 60-120 min and 40-80%, respectively, with errors less than 20%. Obtaining the optimum breakinig length, stretch, burst index and tear index for the paper sheets (3,456 m, 1.42%, 1.36 kN/g and 3.86 mNm2/g, respectively) entails using a high temperature; the processing time and acetone concentration only influence stretch, optimization of which requires using a short time and a low concentration. The optimum brightness (30.44%) is achieved with a low temperature, a short time and a medium acetone concentration. In order to minimize losses of solvent during its recovery and recycling while ensuring acceptable levels of the properties of the paper sheets, a high temperature, a low acetone concentration and a short time can be used; the brightness level thus obtained is only 10% lower than the optimum value.

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PubMed2000

Cross-linked dimers with nucleating activity in actin prepared from muscle acetone powder.

A covalently linked actin dimer is identified in solutions of actin prepared from an acetone powder from skeletal muscle. This actin dimer acts as an actin nucleating factor (ANF), decreasing the half-time for spontaneous actin polymerization. ANF reacts with antibodies to both the N- and C-terminal portions of actin on Western blots and migrates during reduced polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis like actin cross-linked with N, N'-p-phenylenebismaleimide. The origin of the cross-linked dimer appears to be related to the presence of carbonyl groups in purified actin. A large number of carbonyls (approximately 0.3/actin) are introduced into actin during the prolonged treatment with acetone in the preparation of the muscle acetone powder from which actin is extracted. Actin extracted from acetone powder prepared by a single acetone wash and actin prepared from bovine spleen, which is not washed with acetone, both contain fewer carbonyl groups (approximately 0.05 carbonyl/actin). ANF forms spontaneously in solutions of polymer actin containing 0.3 carbonyl/actin. We speculate that a reaction between a carbonyl on one actin polymer subunit and a lysine on a neighboring subunit is responsible for ANF formation. The presence of cross-linked actin dimers in commonly used skeletal muscle actin preparations could certainly affect studies of actin polymerization and, particularly, studies of the nucleation reaction. The physiological relevance of ANF is not clear, but given the large cellular concentration of actin, similar reactions yielding ANF could occur in vivo when increased levels of reactive oxygen species are present.

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PubMed2002

Effect of acetone feeding on alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a clear connection between the presence of acetone in larval diet and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in laboratory raised populations of Bactrocera oleae. ADH activity of B. oleae is depressed in acetone-impregnated diets. At the same time the change of activity is accompanied by a change in the relative proportions of the multiple forms of ADH. The bulk of activity in the most cathodally migrating form is lost, and all the activity becomes localized in the less cathodally migrating forms of the enzyme. Moreover, ADH activity, expressed in vivo, appears to drop after exposure to acetone, as shown by the fact that larvae become less sensitive to pentenol poisoning. Our results show clear selective differences imposed by acetone on three homozygous genotypes involving the ADH alleles F, S and I in B. oleae. The directions of these differences were found to vary with the fitness component under test. Acetone treatment seems to affect developmental time and larva's viability as well as allele frequencies of ADH under artificial rearing. The effect of acetone on the maintenance of ADH polymorphism in artificially reared populations of B. oleae is further discussed.

Acetone↗
PubMed1999

Possible physiological roles of acetone metabolism in humans.

Recently, the metabolic routes for acetone metabolism have been described. Therefore, acetone cannot further be regarded as a waste product of metabolism. However, its physiological role in biochemical machinery is not clear. Here, an integrative model for the role of acetone metabolism is presented that orders the events occurring in acetonemia in sequence: (i) acetone participates in pH regulation; and (ii) acetone degradation in the liver both contributes to glucostatic function of the liver and provides C3 fragments to peripheral tissues as additional fuel. The model raises a novel approach to the study of the physiological role of acetone metabolism.

Acetone↗
PubMed2004

Infrared spectroscopy of acetone-water liquid mixtures. II. Molecular model.

In aqueous acetone solutions, the strong bathochromic shifts observed on the OH and CO stretch infrared (IR) bands are due to hydrogen bonds between these groups. These shifts were evaluated by factor analysis (FA) that separated the band components from which five water and five acetone principal factors were retrieved [J. Chem. Phys. 119, 5632 (2003)]. However, these factors were abstract making them difficult to interpret. To render them real an organization model of molecules is here developed whose abundances are compared to the experimental ones. The model considers that the molecules are randomly organized limited by the hydrogen bond network formed between the water hydrogen atoms and the acetone or water oxygen atoms, indifferently. Because the oxygen of water has two covalent hydrogen atoms which are hydrogen-bonded and may receive up to two hydrogen atoms from neighbor molecules hydrogen-bonded to it, three types of water molecules are found: OH2, OH3, and OH4 (covalent and hydrogen bonds). In the OH stretch region these molecules generate three absorption regimes composed of nu3, nu1, and their satellites. The strength of the H-bond given increases with the number of H-bonds accepted by the oxygen atom of the water H-bond donor, producing nine water situations. Since FA cannot separate those species that evolve concomitantly the nine water situations are regrouped into five factors, the abundance of which compared exactly to that retrieved by FA. From the factors' real spectra the OH stretch absorption are simulated to, respectively, give for the nu3 and nu1 components the mean values for OH2, 3608, 3508; OH3, 3473, 3282 and OH4, 3391, 3223 cm(-1). The mean separations from the gas-phase position which are respectively about 150, 330, and 400 cm(-1) are related to the vacancy of the oxygen electron doublets: two, one, and zero, respectively. No acetone hydrate that sequesters water molecules is formed. Similarly, acetone produces ten species, two of which evolve concomitantly. Spectral similarities further reduce these to five principal IR factors, the abundance of which compared adequately to the experimental results obtained from FA. The band assignment of the five-acetone spectra is given.

Acetone↗
PubMed1980

Acetone metabolism in mice: increased activity in mice heterozygous for obesity genes.

Mice were found to convert acetone to lactate at appreciable rates. The conversion of acetone to gluconeogenic precursors could provide additional glycolytic intermediates that would allow the more complete utilization of lipid stores and increase survival time during starvation. In mice that were starved for 3 days or were provided with acetone in the drinking water the acetone-metabolizing pathway was induced to levels severalfold normal. Mice heterozygous for obesity-producing mutations, either obese (ob/+) or diabetes (db/+), showed induction of the activity of this pathway to a significantly higher degree than did homozygous normal (+/+) mice of the same strain. This more effective conversion of acetone to lactate exhibited by heterozygous mice could account for their prolonged survival on a starvation regimen compared to that of normal homozygotes. The rate-limiting step in the pathway appears to be the conversion of acetone to a hydroxylated derivative. The enzyme system effecting this conversion is an NADPH-requiring microsomal oxygenase found in the liver.

Acetone↗
PubMed1998

Purification of gamma-crystallin from human lenses by acetone precipitation method.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a new purification method for human lens gamma-crystallin by utilizing its unique property of remaining soluble during acetone precipitation of water soluble (WS) proteins. METHODS: The WS protein fractions from lenses of donors of different ages were precipitated with 50% acetone (v/v) and the supernatant and precipitated protein fractions were collected following centrifugation. Among lens crystallins, gamma-crystallin remained soluble (recovered in the supernatant following centrifugation) while other crystallins were precipitated. To determine the recovery of maximal levels of gamma-crystallin as soluble protein during acetone precipitation, the WS proteins were precipitated under different conditions, and both supernatant and precipitated fractions were quantified for proteins and analyzed by size-exclusion chromatographic and Western blot methods. Based on these results, a three-step purification procedure for gamma-crystallin was developed which consisted of acetone precipitation followed by preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF) and size-exclusion HPLC of the soluble fraction. RESULTS: During precipitation of WS proteins by 50% (v/v) acetone, only gamma-crystallin remained soluble. The identity of gamma-crystallin was based on its Mr of 20 kDa on SDS-PAGE, co-elution with lens homogenate gamma-crystallin during a size-exclusion Agarose chromatography, immunoreactivity with anti-gamma-crystallin antibody on a Western blot and an overlap of its partial N-terminal sequence with gammaC-crystallin. A three-step procedure, as described above, provided a highly purified preparation of gammaC-crystallin from the WS protein fraction. The three-step procedure was also utilized to recover a highly purified human lens recombinant gammaD-crystallin preparation from E. coli lysate. CONCLUSIONS: The unique property of human lens gamma-crystallin of remaining soluble during acetone precipitation can be utilized to purify this crystallin by a three-step procedure. This procedure is also applicable in the purification of recombinant gammaD-crystallin from E. coli lysate.

Acetone↗
PubMed2005

Change in tensile properties of neoprene and nitrile gloves after repeated exposures to acetone and thermal decontamination.

This study investigated the change in tensile properties of neoprene and nitrile gloves after repeated cycles of exposure to acetone, followed by thermal decontamination. The glove was exposed to acetone (outer surface in contact with chemical), subjected to thermal decontamination, and tested for the tensile strength and the ultimate elongation. Thermal decontamination was carried out inside an oven for 16 hours at 100 degrees C. The exposure/decontamination procedure was repeated for a maximum of 10 cycles. For neoprene versus acetone, the mean tensile strength consistently decreased after each exposure/decontamination cycle. Multiple comparisons indicated that the mean tensile strengths between the new swatches and each exposure/decontamination group were significantly different (p < 0.05). The loss of either tensile strength or ultimate elongation was less than 23% compared with new swatches after four exposure/decontamination cycles. Swatches with out acetone exposure were then cycled through the oven in the same manner. It was found that both the heat used for thermal decontamination and acetone exposure significantly affected the tensile strength and ultimate elongation. For nitrile gloves exposed to acetone, the mean tensile strength remained virtually unchanged (p > 0.05). The mean tensile strength for the new swatches was 37.1 MPa and the mean tensile strength after nine exposure/decontamination cycles was 36.0 MPa, with a loss less than 3%. The largest single cycle loss for ultimate elongation occurred during the first exposure/decontamination cycle for both glove materials. In our previous study, decisions regarding the effectiveness of the decontamination process were based on having no discernible change in the breakthrough time and steady-state permeation rate. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of the decontamination process cannot be based on permeation parameters alone but must also take into account the change in physical properties.

Acetone↗
PubMed1993

Accumulation of acetone in blood during long-term anaesthesia with closed systems.

During closed system anaesthesia with isoflurane, patients with a preoperative increase in blood concentration of acetone (> 10 mg litre-1) had a significantly greater concentration of acetone than patients with an initial normal blood concentration of acetone (P < 0.01). Flushing the closed system with a high flow of fresh gas had no effect on the blood concentration of acetone. Using a large fresh gas flow, there was no increase in blood acetone concentration. Acetone concentrations of about 50 mg litre-1 cause problems such as nausea and vomiting in the postoperative period. These symptoms occurred more frequently after closed system anaesthesia.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breath-acetone concentrations in fasting healthy men: response of infrared breath-alcohol analyzers.

Six healthy men fasted for 12 and 36 hours, and the resulting concentration of acetone in their breath was determined by gas chromatography. Breath samples were also analyzed by two commercially available breath-alcohol analyzers: Intoxilyzer Model 4011 and Alcotest 7010. Both these devices employ single wavelength infrared absorption spectrometry for detection of ethanol. This IR technique is not specific for ethanol but responds to acetone at the wavelength of 3.4 microns used for light absorption. After the men fasted for 12 hours, their breath-acetone concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 4.0 micrograms/L, and both breath-alcohol analyzers gave zero response (0.000 g/210 L). After 36 hours fasting, breath-acetone concentrations ranged from 33.6 to 157.2 micrograms/L, and the maximum "apparent" ethanol response was 0.005 g/210 L recorded on the Alcotest device. In the test subject with 157.2 micrograms/L acetone in his breath, the intoxilyzer gave a reading of 0.002 g/210 L. The present work shows that elevated breath-acetone concentrations associated with prolonged fasting (36 hours) are not a significant interference problem when infrared breath-alcohol analyzers are used for evidential purposes.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breath acetone concentrations in fasting male volunteers: further studies and effect of alcohol administration.

This paper reports the concentration of acetone in end-expired breath of male volunteers as determined by gas chromatography. It also explores the effect of small doses of ethanol, given orally and intravenously, on breath acetone concentrations and their variations with time after intake. When subjects drank a small dose of alcohol (0.25 g/kg) after 12 h fasting, their breath acetone concentration decreased abruptly by 40%. The breath acetone time profile was almost a mirror image of the blood ethanol time course. After 36 h without food, the ethanol-induced drop in breath acetone was 18%. Ethanol given intravenously likewise caused a significant lowering of breath acetone concentration.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Response of breath-alcohol analyzers to acetone: further studies.

Seven quantitative evidential breath-alcohol analyzers in three categories of analytical principle were tested for response to dynamically generated vapor acetone concentrations of 3, 100, 150, 350, and 600 micrograms/L and to alcohol-acetone vapor mixtures of 0.10 g alcohol/210 L and 350 or 600 micrograms acetone/L. No significant interference by acetone at any of these concentrations was found in four of the tested instruments. Two devices employing single wavelength infrared spectrometry displayed no unacceptable responses to acetone in concentrations to 350 micrograms/L, and one device employing solid-state (Taguchi) sensing was found to be significantly sensitive to acetone at the two highest tested concentrations. Except for the latter device, response to acetone of those instruments tested is not considered to be a significant problem in breath-alcohol analysis for traffic law enforcement or other purposes.

Acetone↗
PubMed1999

Toxicokinetic interactions between orally ingested chlorzoxazone and inhaled acetone or toluene in male volunteers.

The aim of this study was to examine if the drug chlorzoxazone has any influence on the toxicokinetics of acetone and toluene. Chlorzoxazone is mainly metabolized by the same enzyme (Cytochrome P450 2E1) as ethanol and many other organic solvents. Ten male volunteers were exposed to solvent vapor (2 h, 50 watt) in an exposure chamber. Each subject was exposed to acetone only (250 ppm), acetone + chlorzoxazone, toluene (50 ppm) only, toluene + chlorzoxazone, and chlorzoxazone only. Chlorzoxazone (500 mg) was taken as two tablets 1 h prior to solvent exposure. Samples of blood, urine and exhaled air were collected before, during and until 20 h post exposure. The samples were analyzed by head-space gas chromatography (acetone and toluene) and high-performance liquid chromatography (chlorzoxazone, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone and hippuric acid). The time-concentration curves of acetone and toluene in blood were fitted to one- and four-compartment toxicokinetic models, respectively. Intake of chlorzoxazone was associated with slight but significant increases in the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) and steady state concentration of acetone in blood, along with non significant tendencies to an increased half time in blood and an increased AUC in urine. Except for a delayed excretion of hippuric acid in urine, no effects on the toluene toxicokinetics were seen after chlorzoxazone treatment. Small increases in chlorzoxazone plasma levels were seen after exposure compared to chlorzoxazone alone. These interactions, although statistically significant, seem to be small compared to the interindividual variability on metabolism and toxicokinetics.

Acetone↗
PubMed1996

Isolation and characterization of a new gram-negative, acetone-degrading, nitrate-reducing bacterium from soil, Paracoccus solventivorans sp. nov.

An acetone-degrading, nitrate-reducing, coccoid to rod-shaped bacterium, strain L1, was isolated from soil on the site of a natural gas company. Cells of the logarithmic growth phase reacted gram positive, while those of the stationary growth phase were gram negative. Single organisms were 0.4 to 0.5 by 0.9 to 1.5 microns in size, nonmotile, and non-spore forming and had poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate inclusions. The doubling time of strain L1 on acetone-CO2-nitrate at the optimal pH of 7 to 8 and the optimal temperature of 30 to 37 degrees C was 12 h. More than 0.2% NaCl or 10 mM thiosulfate inhibited growth. For oxygen or nitrate respiration, acetone and a few organic chemicals were utilized as carbon sources whereas many others could not be used (for details, see Results). Bicarbonate (or CO2) was essential for growth on acetone but not for growth on acetoacetate. The growth yields for acetone-CO2 and acetoacetate were 28.3 and 27.3 g/mol, respectively. With acetone as the carbon source, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accounted for up to 40% of the cellular dry weight. The DNA of strain L1 had a G + C content of 68.5 mol% (as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography of nucleotides) or 70 mol% (as determined by the TM method). The sequence of the gene coding for the 16S rRNA led to the classification of strain L1 in the paracoccus group of the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria. The new isolate is named Paracoccus solventivorans sp. nov. DSM 6637.

Acetone↗