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PubMed2003

An aminopeptidase, ARTS-1, is required for interleukin-6 receptor shedding.

Aminopeptidase regulator of TNFR1 shedding (ARTS-1) binds to the type I tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR1) and promotes receptor shedding. Because hydroxamic acid-based metalloprotease inhibitors prevent shedding of both TNFR1 and the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6Ralpha), we hypothesized that ARTS-1 might also regulate shedding of IL-6Ralpha, a member of the type I cytokine receptor superfamily that is structurally different from TNFR1. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified that membrane-associated ARTS-1 directly binds to a 55-kDa IL-6Ralpha, a size consistent with soluble IL-6Ralpha generated by ectodomain cleavage of the membrane-bound receptor. Furthermore, ARTS-1 promoted IL-6Ralpha shedding, as demonstrated by a direct correlation between increased membrane-associated ARTS-1 protein, increased IL-6Ralpha shedding, and decreased membrane-associated IL-6Ralpha in cell lines overexpressing ARTS-1. The absence of basal IL-6Ralpha shedding from arts-1 knock-out cells identified that ARTS-1 was required for constitutive IL-6Ralpha shedding. Furthermore, the mechanism of constitutive IL-6Ralpha shedding requires ARTS-1 catalytic activity. Thus, ARTS-1 promotes the shedding of two cytokine receptor superfamilies, the type I cytokine receptor superfamily (IL-6Ralpha) and the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFR1). We propose that ARTS-1 is a multifunctional aminopeptidase that may modulate inflammatory events by promoting IL-6Ralpha and TNFR1 shedding.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed2006

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART): the Tanzanian experience.

OBJECTIVES: Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART), which involves the use of hand instruments, is a relatively inexpensive, non-sophisticated, tooth conservative technique that offers the opportunity for restorative work in remote areas without electricity. The objectives of this survey were to evaluate the experience of dental practitioners with ART and the impact of the technique on oral health care in Tanzania, where ART was pioneered. METHODS: Dental officers (DOs), assistant dental officers (ADOs) and dental therapists (DTs) from different parts of the Tanzania mainland participated in a cross-sectional study that gathered information using a self-administered structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 41 (35%) of the 117 respondents were practising ART with only 6.5% of them doing so either "most of the time" or "always". Practising ART was significantly associated with the cadre of the dental practitioner, being higher among ADOs (50%) than DOs (37%) and DTs (20%), and with ART training, but was not related to either working experience or material availability. CONCLUSIONS: To date, ART has made little impact on oral health care delivery in Tanzania, where dental extractions still account for over 90% of all forms of dental treatment, and restorative work for less than 5%. Several problems in providing ART were noted, such as limited practical training and practice in ART, scarce resources, and lack of advocacy. RECOMMENDATIONS: An increased involvement and support for ART from the Ministry of Health and professional organisations, and public education of ART is called for.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Identification of ARTS-1 as a novel TNFR1-binding protein that promotes TNFR1 ectodomain shedding.

Proteolytic cleavage of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) generates soluble receptors that regulate TNF bioactivity. We hypothesized that the mechanism of TNFR1 shedding might involve interactions with regulatory ectoproteins. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we identified ARTS-1 (aminopeptidase regulator of TNFR1 shedding) as a type II integral membrane protein that binds to the TNFR1 extracellular domain. In vivo binding of membrane-associated ARTS-1 to TNFR1 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments using human pulmonary epithelial and umbilical vein endothelial cells. A direct relationship exists between membrane-associated ARTS-1 protein levels and concordant changes in TNFR1 shedding. Cells overexpressing ARTS-1 demonstrated increased TNFR1 shedding and decreased membrane-associated TNFR1, while cells expressing antisense ARTS-1 mRNA demonstrated decreased membrane-associated ARTS-1, decreased TNFR1 shedding, and increased membrane-associated TNFR1. ARTS-1 neither bound to TNFR2 nor altered its shedding, suggesting specificity for TNFR1. Although a recombinant ARTS-1 protein demonstrated selective aminopeptidase activity toward nonpolar amino acids, multiple lines of negative evidence suggest that ARTS-1 does not possess TNFR1 sheddase activity. These data indicate that ARTS-1 is a multifunctional ectoprotein capable of binding to and promoting TNFR1 shedding. We propose that formation of a TNFR1-ARTS-1 molecular complex represents a novel mechanism by which TNFR1 shedding is regulated.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed2005

A question of perception: Bourdieu, art and the postmodern.

Bourdieu and Darbel's classic study of European art museum audiences, The Love of Art (1991), remains one of the most influential academic studies of the social indices of art perception. Its findings were central to Bourdieu's on-going study of culture-mediated power relations, as found in the book Distinction (Bourdieu 1984), as well as social surveys of the behaviour of museum audiences across the world. Much in Bourdieu's account of art perception, however, has begun to appear dated and in need of supplementation. This paper will be a critical but sympathetic re-reading of Bourdieu's sociology of art perception in the light of recent criticisms of his approach. Whilst fine art and its institutions continue to function as sources of social identification and differentiation, this paper argues that the relationship between perception and stratification is somewhat looser than connoted in Bourdieu's work. Beyond the shift to a less rigid taxonomy of social formations, the immense expansion of the visual arts complex has opened up possibilities for the dissemination of art knowledge beyond the cultivated bourgeois. The erosion of boundaries between the aesthetic and the economic, between art and popular culture, are the result of processes of commodification that have placed museums alongside shopping malls within the realms of consumption and entertainment. New audiences have emerged from this mix with less dichotomized - that is, either cultivated or popular - ways of seeing culture that suggest a revision of Bourdieu's overly integrated account of class and cognition. An alternative, 'postmodern', approach to art perception is entertained, where an aesthetics of distinction is replaced by a culture of distraction, but this abstracts culture from any structural grounding. Capturing the shift to an accelerated cultural present, instead, requires a warping of Bourdieu's categories to account for broader patterns of culture and economy and the accentuation of modern visual culture.

Art↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The myth of "healthism" in organized sports: implications for health promotion sponsorship of sports and the arts.

PURPOSE: The study examines the association of involvement in sports and arts with five health risk factors. The aims were to evaluate the argument that promotion of sports alone will achieve health objectives and to assess the suitability of sports and arts populations as targets for health promotion sponsorship. DESIGN: Personal and telephone cross-sectional surveys were performed in Western Australia in 1992 (N = 2629) and 1994 (N = 2031). SETTING: Sports and arts venues in Western Australia. SUBJECTS: Random samples of household respondents aged 16 to 69 years. MEASURES: Measures of association between risk factors and involvement in sports and the arts were adjusted for sex, age, residence, income, and other types of sports/arts involvement. RESULTS: Spectators attending sports events, who were not members of organized sports clubs, were more likely to possess three or more risk factors than nonparticipants (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.20-1.70). They were more likely to report cigarette smoking, unsafe alcohol drinking, and poor sun protection practices. Sports club members had a similar profile of risk factors, except that their prevalence of smoking was reduced and they were much less likely to report inadequate physical exercise. The most elevated risk factor in sports populations was unsafe alcohol drinking (OR = 1.81 in club members, 1.88 in spectators, and 2.25 in spectators who were also members). Arts populations were less likely than average to report elevated risk factors, especially in the case of members of arts organizations who also attended arts events (for three or more risk factors, OR = 0.59; 95% CI .45-.75). However, the majority of arts respondents had at least two risk factors. Levels of inadequate exercise in arts populations were the same as those in sports populations. CONCLUSIONS: The promotion of sports alone is unlikely to achieve health objectives. Highest priority in the use of health promotion sponsorship funds should be given to the populations attending sports events and involved as members of sports clubs. Investment in arts sponsorship is warranted, but at a lower level than health sponsorship of sports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Art: an occupation with promise for developing empathy.

Empathy is central to the interactions of occupational therapists who value personal dignity. Persons from various sectors of the behavioral sciences and the medical humanities have proposed that engagement with the arts can develop empathy, an assumption that prompted this inquiry. The observations of artists and art philosophers suggest that the assumption that art may develop empathy is grounded in the kindred natures of the two practices and in the actions that occur when a person engages with a work of art. The assumption that art may develop empathy is grounded in the kinship of the actions common to both practices: response, emotion, and connection. Artists and art philosophers' observations of human practices have uncovered three rules of art that may dispose one toward empathy: reliance on bodily senses, use of metaphor, and occupation by virtual worlds. Analysis of art's potential suggests that a person who would derive empathy from art must (a) use the senses to grasp feeling, (b) stretch the imagination to see a new perspective, and (c) invite an occupation that enhances understanding. Persons who hope to develop empathy must pursue an experience that evokes the fellow feeling that inspires it. Art can offer this experience.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed2000

The cancer journey: bridging art therapy and museum education.

This paper describes the application of art therapy in assisting cancer patients to visually express their cancer experience on several levels--physically, psychosocially, and spiritually. The art therapy/museum education program was developed in 1996 at the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in partnership with Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre-Bayview Support Network. To date, the program has run for three rounds with 16 sessions in each round. The facilitator for all three rounds was a trained art therapist. The program provided an unique opportunity for an arts institution to serve the community at large by offering an artistic outlet in a peaceful, rural setting in contrast to a sterile hospital environment. The specific goals of the program and the general therapeutic benefits of art therapy are described. In addition, the effectiveness of an existential/phenomenological approach in not only serving the cancer population, but also bridging the two diverse disciplines--art therapy and museum education--is explored. It is suggested that an existential therapeutic approach promotes the confrontation and acceptance of death that is necessary in order to lead a more meaningful life. Moreover, a phenomenological approach promotes the act of "seeing" as an essential ingredient in gaining objectivity and bringing unconscious thoughts into consciousness. The importance of social and emotional support in the way of art therapy in addition to medical care is emphasized. Through art therapy, cancer patients are encouraged to discover ways to face pain and misfortune and be creative in their "art of living."

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Respiratory findings in art students.

Art students are exposed to many noxious agents during their training. We studied respiratory findings in a cohort of the 117 art students in order to investigate the potential effects of these toxic agents in the art student's environment. A group of 88 medical students matched for age, sex and smoking, not exposed to known environmental pollutants were studied as controls for respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms acute and chronic were evaluated by modifying the British Medical Research Council questionnaire. Lung function studies were performed with a spirometer (Jaeger, Germany) measuring maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. Significantly higher prevalences of most of the chronic respiratory symptoms were recorded in art compared to medical students (p < 0.05). Art students who were smokers had significantly higher prevalences of many of the chronic respiratory symptoms than nonsmoking art students. High prevalences of acute symptoms related to the study environment were recorded for art students. Odds ratios in male art students were significant for chronic cough, chronic phlegm and chronic bronchitis for the risk factors of exposure and smoking. Significantly decreased lung function was recorded for FVC, FEF50 and FEF25 in male and FVC, and FEF25 in female art students. Smokers and nonsmokers had similar reductions of lung function. Our data indicate that art students may be at risk of developing chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function changes as a result of their exposure and their smoking habits.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Prenatal diagnosis after ART success: the role of early combined screening tests in counselling pregnant patients.

First-trimester Down syndrome screening may cause a higher false positive rate in pregnant patients who have undergone ART (assisted reproductive technologies). The aim of this paper is to contribute to this analysis with the second largest series of combined biophysical and biochemical tests in the first trimester of pregnancy after ART. One hundred and forty-two singleton successful ART pregnancies were selected for this study: 50 pregnancies induced by using in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and 92 using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Each patient was matched with three naturally conceived pregnancies based on maternal age and gestational age. Free beta-HCG and PAPP-A were measured on dried blood spots and converted to MoMs. Nuchal translucency (NT) was measured by certified operators. Mean maternal age was 33 +/- 4. NT, free beta-HCG and PAPP-A values of the control cases were not significantly different from local standards evaluated on 3043 cases. NT between ART pregnancies and matched controls was not significantly different. PAPP-A was reduced but not significantly lower in ART pregnancies. Free beta-HCG was the only analyte that resulted in significantly higher values in ART pregnancies (1.12 MoM) versus controls (0.99 MoM). No significant differences were found for biochemical values observed between ICSI and IVF patients. The screen positive rates observed in ART and control pregnancies were 5.5 per cent and 4.6 per cent respectively. NT measurements were not affected by ART pregnancies. Our results (non-significant lower values of PAPP-A and significantly higher free beta-HCG values) were consistent with other reported series. The increase in the screen positive rate determined by these biological variations was not greater than 0.9 per cent. This higher false positive rate has a negligible impact on counselling ART patients. The algorithm used to calculate the relative risk after the combined tests should not be changed until the detection rate of trisomies in ART pregnancies is not fully disclosed by larger series.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Properties of learning of a Fuzzy ART Variant.

This paper discusses a variation of the Fuzzy ART algorithm referred to as the Fuzzy ART Variant. The Fuzzy ART Variant is a Fuzzy ART algorithm that uses a very large choice parameter value. Based on the geometrical interpretation of the weights in Fuzzy ART, useful properties of learning associated with the Fuzzy ART Variant are presented and proven. One of these properties establishes an upper bound on the number of list presentations required by the Fuzzy ART Variant to learn an arbitrary list of input patterns. This bound is small and demonstrates the short-training time property of the Fuzzy ART Variant. Through simulation, it is shown that the Fuzzy ART Variant is as good a clustering algorithm as a Fuzzy ART algorithm that uses typical (i.e. small) values for the choice parameter.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The mitochondrial ARTS protein promotes apoptosis through targeting XIAP.

ARTS is an unusual septin-like mitochondrial protein that was originally shown to mediate TGF-beta-induced apoptosis. Recently, we found that ARTS is also important for cell killing by other pro-apoptotic factors, such as arabinoside, etoposide, staurosporine and Fas. In Drosophila, the IAP antagonists Reaper, Hid and Grim are essential for the induction of virtually all apoptotic cell death. We found that mutations in peanut, which encodes a Drosophila homologue of ARTS, can dominantly suppress cell killing by Reaper, Hid and Grim, indicating that peanut acts downstream or in parallel to these. In mammalian cells, ARTS is released from mitochondria upon pro-apoptotic stimuli and then binds to XIAP. Binding of ARTS to XIAP is direct, as recombinant ARTS and XIAP proteins can bind to each other in vitro. ARTS binding to XIAP is specific and related to its pro-apoptotic function, as mutant forms of ARTS (or related septins) that fail to bind XIAP failed to induce apoptosis. ARTS leads to decreased XIAP protein levels and caspase activation. Our data suggest that ARTS induces apoptosis by antagonizing IAPs.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

How effective is ART in the management of dental caries?

The ART approach involves excavating cavitated dentine caries with hand instruments, then restoring the cavity and sealing any associated fissures and pits with an adhesive restorative material, resulting in a sealant restoration. Until recently, ART has mainly been used under field conditions, and thus the adhesive restorative material used has been glass ionomer which does not require mixing machines and curing lights. Since the inception of ART, a growing number of studies world-wide have taken place. A total of four studies have reported 3-year survival percentages for one-surface ART restorations. The highest 3-year survival percentage in permanent teeth was 88%, which is comparable to the 85% survival of one-surface amalgam restorations placed under the same field conditions after 3 years. The outcomes depend to some extent on the material used, operator experience and presence of caries. The presence of caries as a reason for failure was higher in the early than in the most recent studies. Only one study has reported on the use of ART restorations in the deciduous dentition. It is concluded that: a very large proportion of dentine lesions in the permanent teeth can be treated using the ART approach; the 3-year survival rate of the more recently placed one-surface ART restorations in permanent teeth was higher than that of ART restorations placed in the beginning; the survival of one-surface ART restorations in the permanent dentition with newer glass ionomers is comparable to that of one-surface conventional restorations placed using amalgam in a comparable setting after 3 years; more studies of longer duration are needed to confirm these findings; ART should be considered a caries treatment modality that benefits people; and educational courses need to be organised before the approach is applied in the clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

ART-CH, a new chicken retroviruslike element.

A 3' region of a previously unknown retroviruslike element named ART-CH (avian retrotransposon from chicken genome) was obtained in the course of polymerase chain reaction-mediated cloning of avian leukosis virus long terminal repeats (LTRs) from DNAs of infected chicken cells. About 50 copies of ART-CH are present in the genome of chickens of different breeds. ART-CH is not found in DNA of quails, ducks, turkeys, or several other birds tested. The ART-CH element is about 3 kb in size, including 388 bp LTRs. The major class of ART-CH-specific RNA, also 3 kb in size, is detected in various organs of chickens. An ART-CH polypurine tract, a tRNA(Trp)-binding site, regions around the TATA box and polyadenylation signal, and the beginning of the putative gag gene strongly resemble the corresponding regions of avian leukosis viruses and EAV, the two described classes of chicken retroviruses. An open reading frame capable of encoding a polypeptide with a putative transmembrane domain is located upstream of the right ART-CH LTR. This sequence, as well as the U3 and U5 regions of the ART-CH LTR, has no obvious similarities with the corresponding parts of other known vertebrate retroviruses and retrotransposons. A short sequence upstream of the right LTR of ART-CH is very similar to sequences which flank the 3' ends of the oncogenes v-src, v-myc, v-fps, and v-crk in four different recombinant avian retroviruses and which are absent from the genomes of other studied avian retroviruses. Thus, ART-CH is a new endogenous chicken provirus that may participate in the formation of recombinant oncogenic retroviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

ART-CH: a VL30 in chickens?

The complete sequence of ART-CH, a recently found chicken retrotransposon (A. V. Gudkov, E. A. Komarova, M. A. Nikiforov, and T. E. Zaitsevskaya, J. Virol. 66:1726-1736, 1992), was characterized. ART-CH has the structure of a 3,300-bp-long provirus, including two 388-bp long terminal repeats (LTRs) (U3, 245 bp; R region, 17 bp; and U5, 126 bp), a tRNA(Trp)-binding site, and a polypurine tract, similar to avian leukosis viruses. At least some of the approximately 50 genomic copies of ART-CH are transcribed into polyadenylated RNA, which is initiated and terminated at the expected sites within the LTRs. In contrast to the regulatory sequences involved in proviral expression and replication, the internal regions of ART-CH seem to be completely defective. Several short regions of homology with avian leukosis virus genes, most of which encode gag-related sequences, were found among different reading frames of ART-CH, which are not organized like regular retroviral genes. Both sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed a high degree of sequence (97% homology) and structural similarity among members of the ART-CH family, indicating their common origin and recent penetration into chicken DNA. ART-CH sequences were detected in mouse cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus produced by an ART-CH-expressing Rous sarcoma. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ART-CH belongs to a class of defective retrotransposons whose replication strategy requires the use of helper viruses. They might originate from an avian leukosis virus-related retrovirus which completely lost its coding capacities as a result of multiple mutations and deletions. These features apparently group ART-CH with the VL30 retrotransposons of rodents.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Art therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses.

BACKGROUND: Medication is the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses. Many people, however, continue to experience symptoms in spite of medication. In addition to medication, creative therapies, such as art therapy may be helpful. Art therapy allows exploration of the patient's inner world in a non-threatening way through a therapeutic relationship and the use of art materials. It was mainly developed in adult psychiatric inpatient units and was designed for use with people in whom verbal psychotherapy would be impossible. OBJECTIVES: To review the effects of art therapy as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia compared with standard care and other psychosocial interventions. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Register (May 2002), hand searched reference lists and 'Inscape' (the Journal of the British Association of Art Therapists), and contacted relevant authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials that compared art therapy with standard care or other psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were reliably selected, quality assessed and data extracted. Data were excluded where more than 50% of participants in any group were lost to follow up. For binary outcomes we calculated a fixed effects risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). MAIN RESULTS: The search identified 57 reports but only two studies (total n=137) met the inclusion criteria. Both compared art therapy plus standard care with standard care alone. Fewer people allocated to art therapy left the study before 20 weeks compared with those given standard care alone (n=47, 1 RCT, RR 0.34 CI 0.15 to 0.8, NNT 3 CI 1.5 to 7). Measures of change in mental state, interpersonal relationships and social networking were reported but the data were too problematic to interpret with confidence. Much data was lost due to poor reporting or inappropriate use of scales. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Randomised studies have been proven to be possible in this field. The use of art therapy for serious mental illnesses should continue to be under evaluation as its benefits, or harms, are unclear.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Psychological research on the martial arts: an addendum to Fuller's review.

Most psychological research on the martial arts has been conducted from a positivist stance, and Fuller's (1988) review of research reflected a positivist tone while suggesting that therapeutic influences may be achieved from martial arts training methods abstracted from their traditional setting. This addendum cites two important contextual problems influencing martial arts research. First, the martial arts are influenced by Oriental styles of thinking such as Taoism and Zen Buddhism that are difficult to grasp from a Western positivist point of view. We suggest that phenomenology seems to have some stylistic parallels with Oriental thinking and appears to offer the Westerner a point of entry toward understanding the martial arts as Oriental arts. Second, the cultural and psychological values and meanings of the Oriental martial arts may change when situated in a Western context, thus changing their method, content, and therapeutic influence. We suggest that a non-positivist and context-sensitive approach such as phenomenology might clarify the contextual intricacy of the martial arts and thereby facilitate improved theoretical foundations and empirical research of martial arts participation as a psychological phenomenon.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1994

Winckelmann divided: mourning the death of art history.

The discipline of art history is often said to have been invented in the writing of J.J. Winckelmann (1717-1768). In his Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture (1754) and History of Ancient Art (1764), Winckelmann dealt with the homoerotic meanings of Greco-Roman arts in complex ways. To do so, he imagined a split between his subjective position as an observer with specific erotic and political interests and his objective position as an historian. His importance for art historians today derives from his own recognition and further elaboration of his "division," an awareness manifested in his principal metaphor for the status of the art historian as a "maiden" mourning her "lover," the "lost object" of her desire, namely, ancient representations of beautiful young men. This metaphor and related features of Winckelmann's texts situated the homoeroticism of art and of the art historian in mutual relations that enable the art historian to reconcile, if not to resolve, his fundamental "division." Winckelmann's image of art history presents a more adequate sense of the enterprise than the misleading polarization of "objective" history and "subjective" interpretation frequently encountered today.

Art↗
PubMed1991

A foot in the door: art therapy in the nursing home.

Inclusion of art therapy in the residential nursing home and a day-care facility had positive effects on the elderly. Socialization, self-esteem, and memory retrieval were enhanced by the art experience. In addition, the staff and administrators of both the nursing home and day-care facility found art therapy to be valuable and arranged to continue the program. The funding agent for the pilot project was particularly interested in supporting a program that included an educational component, and the university recognized this program as an excellent training opportunity. The five art therapy interns gained experience in working with a population that will need increased professional services in the future, and the successful addition of part-time art therapists at the two pilot agencies will assure a continuation of intern training sites for art therapy students interested in gerontology. By developing sites for art therapy interns, we have opened the door to a method which will not only train professionals to work with older adults but will also offer job sharing between nursing homes. It has been suggested by the administrator of the nursing home in the program that we investigate the possibility of one art therapist serving two or three nursing homes on a part-time/full-time employment basis. Programs would then be affordable at most sites, and thus more people would be able to benefit from art therapy.

Aged↗