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At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Endocrine changes associated with spawning behavior in male kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the effects of anosmia.

This study examines the relationship between social status, behavioral activity, and hormone levels through the spawning cycle in male kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Shortly after arrival at the spawning grounds, male kokanee undergo dramatic changes in morphological and physiological condition: there is an increase in body depth, a bright silvery appearance is replaced by an intense red coloration, and spermiation commences. Males become associated with nesting females which they defend against other males. The androgens, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, decline slowly over the spawning period from high levels observed in the silvery males; gonadotropin (GtH II) and 17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one increase as males approach final maturation. Androgen and GtH levels in males placed in pens with females over the spawning bed were higher than those in males penned without females. Among males competing for females, amounts of milt and plasma concentrations of GtH were higher in those males that were successful in gaining access to nesting females. A marked reduction in milt and plasma hormones following cauterization of the olfactory nares indicates that olfactory stimuli play a role in mediating endocrine and spermiation responses to the nesting females. Anosmic males were less vigorous and persistent in their courtship, suggesting that, either a female pheromone and/or high levels of hormone are necessary to maintain full reproductive behavior in male kokanee. The role of socially induced hormone changes in modulating reproductive behavior is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Olfaction and anosmia in rhinosinusitis.

Olfactory disorders can cause serious consequences from the inability to detect many olfactory warning signals (eg, smoke, spoiled food, and gas leaks) and can significantly impact nutritional status, eating satisfaction, and many other issues related to quality of life. More than 200,000 people a year seek treatment for impaired olfactory ability, and available evidence suggests this figure is a significant underestimate of those affected. Rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are the primary etiologies for olfactory loss or distortion among patients presenting to chemosensory clinics, and they are among the most common chronic medical conditions in the United States, affecting an estimated 33 million people. Both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis/rhinosinusitis can result in diminished, distorted, or absent olfactory ability. Current therapies are only partially or transiently effective in reversing olfactory loss. The underlying mechanisms by which rhinitis/rhinosinusitis impact olfactory ability are likely to be multifactorial and might include altered air flow and odor deposition, changes in mucus composition, and effects of inflammatory mediators on receptor cell differentiation, maturation, or function.

Humans↗