PubMed · 983913
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J Thomas, D Ezell, B Gervais, H Krick, B Williams, A Paehad. Blindfold techniques.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/983913/
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This investigation compared the center of mass (COM) locations and segment angular orientations of the gait of below-knee-amputee (BKA) children to those of able-bodied (AB) children. Eleven AB children (mean age, 8.4 years) and three BKA children (mean age, 7.5 years) volunteered to participate as subjects. Film data (100 frames per second) of a typical walking stride, were collected for the children during four experimental sessions held at six-month intervals. Two 16mm cameras were used to obtain frontal and lateral views of the subjects. The same approximate rate of walking (1.2m/s +/- 10%) was enforced for all testing sessions and at least three trials of data were collected for each subject during each session. Segmental endpoints of each subject from the film of each camera were digitized and the direct linear transformation (DLT) method was used to obtain three-dimensional segmental location-time data for a complete stride. These data were then used to determine whole body COM locations and angular orientations for the segments. Discrete values describing normalized locations at touchdown, midsupport, and takeoff were determined for whole body COM and the angular orientation of the trunk, thighs, and legs. In the sagittal plane the COM was lower and more anterior for the BKA children when compared to that of the AB children. This was primarily due to the greater forward flexion of the trunk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A study of normal locomotion requires an understanding of both the movements and the force actions involved. This is equally true in appreciating the problems of pathological gait. The gait cycle is described in terms of the significant events which occur during both the stance and swing phases. The basic principles underlying the analysis of force actions in walking are briefly described. A simple example of force actions in the elbow joint is considered and the analysis extrapolated to provide a general statement regarding locomotion. This relates to the muscle actions required to resist turning actions at joints due to the force effects in walking and the corresponding forces in the joints themselves. The conventional display of information relating to joing actions is considered and compared with the actual situation, "Stick diagrams" of motion in the sagittal plane are used to identify and discuss the actions at the joints of the leg in walking. Comparisons are made between this and pathological gait--in particular that of the above-knee amputee.