PubMed · 9577251
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1998. Quercetin.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9577251/
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Galectin-9 is an eosinophil chemoattractant produced by activated T lymphocytes. We have addressed expression of galectin-9 in normal human astrocytes in culture. Expression of galectin-9 mRNA and protein were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was found to enhance the galectin-9 expression in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Galectin-9 protein was detected in the membrane fraction, 105 000 x g precipitate, and immunofluorescent staining revealed diffuse cellular and perinuclear distributions. Dexamethasone pretreatment almost completely suppressed the production. We conclude that astrocytes produce galectin-9 in response to the stimulation with IL-1beta, and this may contribute to inflammatory reactions in the CNS.
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The effect of pH on the excised skin permeability towards two model lipophilic compounds was studied in the range of pH 1.0-10.0 and 1.0-12.0, for hydrocortisone and testosterone, respectively. Suspensions of the model compounds in appropriate buffers (0.1-0.2 M) were applied to the intact skin, delipidized skin, skin pretreated with Azone or sodium lauryl sulfate solution and the percutaneous penetration was observed for 28 h. Within the studied pH range, up to pH 11.0 no change in the penetration through the skin and skin accumulation was observed for both compounds. Significant, 3-4-fold, increase of penetration of testosterone was noted only at pH 12.0, however the change was neither fast not progressing with time. None of the pretreatment procedure influenced the observed relationship between pH and skin permeability. It is concluded that the lipoidal route of penetration is not affected by solutions at pH within the range 1.0-11.0.