PubMed · 9509034
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J Secker-Walker. Risk management.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9509034/
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Master Logic Diagram (MLD), a method for identifying events initiating accidents in chemical installations, is presented. MLD is a logic diagram that resembles a fault tree but without the formal mathematical properties of the latter. MLD starts with a Top Event "Loss of Containment" and decomposes it into simpler contributing events. A generic MLD has been developed which may be applied to all chemical installations storing toxic and/or flammable substances. The method is exemplified through its application to an ammonia storage facility.
Accidental overturns of fuel tankers can have, depending on soil types, severe consequences. This applies, particularly in areas of shallow soils where the groundwater is located 2-4m below the ground surface. By rapid, vacuum extraction based recovery emergency services, which would normally be the first to arrive on the scene, could minimize consequences of fresh fuel spills and even prevent groundwater contamination, the primary purpose of emergency response. Powerful vacuum extraction-based response (PER), equipment has been developed to recover freshly spilt volatile fuels from the soil, primary by emergency services, but also by other trained responders. The main components of mobile PER-equipment are perforated extraction pipes, a recovery vacuum tank, a vacuum pump and an incinerator. The PER-equipment has been tested in summer and sub-zero winter conditions, and in both cases 50-80% of fresh gasoline spilled into sandy soil was recovered during the first 2h of operation. Gasoline was recovered in both liquid and vapor form, and hydrocarbon vapors were destroyed by controlled incineration at a safe distance from the spill. Recovery of less volatile diesel oil is not so effective from the sandy soil, but about 30% of it could be pumped from a fresh pool directly after a seepage time of 15 min.
It is very important to estimate the mass flow rate of possible accidental releases from the gas pipeline, in order to perform the hazard analysis or the risk based management in the gas facilities. This paper presents a simplified model to estimate the release rate from a hole on the high-pressure gas pipeline. It consists of a correction factor accounting for the pressure drop through pipeline due to the wall friction loss, and the release rate without friction loss. The model, whatever kind of gas may be considered, has some positive deviation from the theoretical complex equations, and it ranges from about 0 up to 20%. The deviation will reduce to zero, as the release point approaches to the reservoir. It increases with the specific heat ratio of gas and the dimensionless hole-size which is the effective area of the hole divided by the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The model is compared with damage areas of real accidents with success. It overestimates the release rate slightly and may be a useful tool to estimate the release rate quickly in performing the hazard analysis or the risk based management in the gas facilities.