PubMed · 9491533
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R Sibley, B Moore, C Whitaker, A Taylor, C Watson. 1998-01-24. Date-based export scheme.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9491533/
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The arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix is protected against predation by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) that it sequesters as a larva from its food plant. Earlier work had shown that males transmit PA to the female with the sperm package and that the female bestows part of this gift on the eggs, protecting these against predation as a result. We now show that the female herself derives protection from the gift. Females deficient in PA are vulnerable to predation from spiders (Lycosa ceratiola and Nephila clavipes). If mated with a PA-laden male, the females become unacceptable as prey. The effect takes hold promptly and endures; females are unacceptable to spiders virtually from the moment they uncouple from the male and remain unacceptable as they age. Chemical data showed that the female allocates the received PA quickly to all body parts. We predict that other instances will be found of female insects being rendered invulnerable by receipt of sexually transmitted chemicals.
Broiler-chicken are often Salmonella carriers. However, these bacteria are responsible for major food-borne human infection, in which poultry-meat products are frequently implicated. In order to prevent Salmonella spread during the slaughtering process, control measures should be implemented at the farm level to reduce the prevalence before slaughtering. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for Salmonella contamination in French commercial broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period. A prospective study was carried out in 1996 and 1997 on 86 broiler flocks located in western France. The Salmonella status of the flocks was assessed by means of litter swabs and dust samples analyzed with classical bacteriological methods. Sixty flocks (70%) had at least one contaminated environmental sample and were classified as Salmonella-contaminated flocks. Logistic regression was used to assess association of managerial practices, general hygiene and results of environmental Salmonella recovery, with the odds that the flock itself would be Salmonella-contaminated at the end of the rearing period. Salmonella contamination of the house before placing day-old chicks and the Salmonella contamination of day-old chicks were significantly related to Salmonella contamination of the flock at the end of the rearing period. The risk for Salmonella contamination of the flock was increased when feed trucks parked near the entrance of the change room and when feed meal, instead of small pellets, was provided at the start.
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