PubMed · 945128
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P Vojkovský, L Brchán. 1976-05-07. [Cholesterol values in the human ejaculate].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/945128/
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A number of recent epidemiologic observations support the need for new and broader strategies to reduce serum cholesterol levels on a population-wide basis. First, the limited data available suggest a halt in the declining incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the United States since 1990, raising concerns about our current strategies to promote primary prevention of CAD. Data from the 1970s and 1980s support a key role for population-wide cholesterol lowering as a strategy to reduce CAD. Second, large and carefully performed surveys support no further reductions in serum cholesterol levels in the US population since 1990. Is this observation and that of stagnating declines of CAD incidence a coincidence? Interestingly, the lack of cholesterol level reduction occurred in the setting of increased use of prescription cholesterol-lowering drugs, suggesting that drug treatment of the highest-risk persons alone will not shift the population curve. Third, the treatment gap persists, with recent population-wide data suggesting that half of all people with hypercholesterolemia (>/=200 mg/dL) are unaware of their condition, only half of those persons aware are treated, and only half of those treated are controlled. Finally, the moderate-risk population (10% to 20% risk of CAD over 10 years) is sizable in the ages recommended for over-the-counter statin use (>/=45 years in men, >/=55 years in women). Risk reduction in this group, which contributes a significant portion of CAD cases, should be part of any program to reduce the population burden of CAD.
Both biological and model membranes can exhibit the formation of domains. A brief review of some of the diverse methodologies used to identify the presence of domains in membranes is given. Some of these domains are enriched in cholesterol. The segregation of lipids into cholesterol-rich domains can occur in both pure lipid systems as well as membranes containing peptides and proteins. Peptides and proteins can promote the formation of cholesterol-rich domains not only by preferentially interacting with cholesterol and being sequestered into these regions of the membrane, but also indirectly as a consequence of being excluded from cholesterol-rich domains. The redistribution of components is dictated by the thermodynamics of the system. The formation of domains in a biological membrane is a consequence of all of the intermolecular interactions including those among lipid molecules as well as between lipids and proteins.
We have used high-resolution field-cycling 31P NMR spectroscopy to measure spin-lattice relaxation rates (R1 = 1/T1) of multicomponent phospholipid vesicle and micelle samples over a large field range, from 0.1 to 11.7 T. The shape of the curve for R1 as a function of field and a model-free analysis were used to extract tauc, a correlation time for each type of phospholipid molecule in the bilayer that is likely to reflect rotation of the molecule about the axis perpendicular to the membrane surface; Sc2, a chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) order parameter; and tauhf, a time constant reflecting faster internal motion. This 31P technique was also used to monitor association of a peripheral membrane protein, Bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, with both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylmethanol bilayers. Differences in phospholipid dynamics induced by the protein shed light on how zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine, and not the anionic phosphatidylmethanol, activates the enzyme toward its substrate.