PubMed · 9405325
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D Holzman. 1997. Plane pollution.. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.971051300
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Capturing the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants in industrial parks remains challenging for regional air quality models because of their coarse resolution (3 km), resulting in uncertainties in local emission quantification. To address this, we developed the Integrated Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System for Industry (IAQMS-Industry), coupling the regional Nested Air Quality Prediction Modelling System (NAQPMS) with a city-scale chemical transport model. This framework integrates point-source locations and Gaussian plume dispersion to simulate particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) at 100 m resolution. Applied to the Beijing Yi Zhuang and Tangshan industrial parks and evaluated against observations. The coupled model achieved a normalized mean bias (NMB) ranging from 3.1 % to 6.2 %, improving upon NAQPMS (-16.9 % to -7.7 %). Spatial analysis revealed that coarse regional grids underestimated the PM2.5​ concentrations at industrial sites by smoothing gradients, whereas IAQMS-Industry successfully resolved spatial patterns. Industrial point emissions accounted for 22.9 %-26.4 % of PM2.5 in the coupled model, which was significantly greater than the regional model estimates of 1.6 %-13.7 %. These findings indicate that regional models overestimate pollutant dispersion processes in industrial parks while underestimating local industrial impacts. By explicitly resolving point-source dynamics and linking them to regional transport, IAQMS-Industry provides a robust tool for designing targeted emission controls in industrial cities and balancing local air quality improvements with minimized regional pollution outflow. This study underscores the necessity of multiscale modelling for accurate source apportionment and informed environmental governance in industrial zones.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from 25 industrial boilers were investigated. The fuels used for these 25 boilers included 21 heavy oil, two diesel, a co-combustion of heavy oil and natural gas (HO+NG) and a co-combustion of coke oven gas and blast furnace gas (COG+BFG) boilers. PAH samples from the stack flue gas (gas and particle phases) of these 25 boilers were collected by using a PAH stack sampling system. Twenty one individual PAHs were analyzed primarily by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Total-PAH concentration in the flue gas of 83 measured data for these 25 boiler stacks ranged between 29.0 and 4250 microg/m(3) and averaged 488 microg/m(3). The average of PAH-homologue mass (F%) counted for the total-PAH mass was 54.7%, 9.47% and 15.3% for the 2-ring, 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs, respectively. The PAHs in the stack flue gas were dominant in the lower molecular weight PAHs. The emission factors (EFs) of total-PAHs were 13,300, 2920, 2880 and 208 microg/kg-fuel for the heavy oil, diesel, HO+NG and COG+BFG fueled-boiler, respectively. Nap was the most predominant PAH occurring in the stack flue gas. In addition, the EF of 21 individual PAHs in heavy-oil boiler were almost the highest among the four various fueled-boilers except for those of FL and BkF in the diesel boiler. Furthermore, the EF of total-PAHs or BaP for heavy oil were both one order of magnitude higher than that for the diesel-fueled boiler.
The on-road hydrocarbon emissions of vehicles at four sites in the UK have been monitored using remote sensing equipment. The single lane highway sites in London (Haringey and Southwark), Middlesborough and Leicester were monitored between May 1994 and October 1995. Analysis of the results shows that there is both a large majority of low emitting vehicles which contribute little to fleet hydrocarbon emissions and a small minority of high emitting vehicles which contribute significant proportions to fleet hydrocarbon emissions at all sites. This also results in a skewing of the data set so that a pattern of high mean values and lower median values is consistently observed. Analysis of model year data suggests a low association between vehicle age and mean hydrocarbon emissions for vehicles produced prior to 1983 but the relationship improves after 1983 with regression analyses giving r2 values as high as 0.96. Relatively new high polluting vehicles are the greatest contributors to fleet emissions with, on average, 52% of hydrocarbon fleet emissions being produced by these vehicles from model years 1985-1991. Therefore, fleet emissions could be significantly reduced if new highly polluting vehicles were subject to regular emissions testing followed by appropriate remedial action or were removed from the highway by the withdrawal of their vehicle registration. Older vehicles play a minor role in fleet emissions with, on average, only 13% of hydrocarbon fleet emissions being produced by vehicles registered prior to 1983.