PubMed · 8816733
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S L Tonkin. 1996-08-23. Cot death.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8816733/
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The use of a nephrostomy drape for perineal prostatectomy and laparoscopic renal/ureteral surgery is illustrated. Draping is simplified, fixation sites for cords are present, and a large pocket for instruments and drainage is provided. The nephrostomy drape is recommended for use during operations performed on nonhorizontal surfaces, or when several instruments attached by cords are used.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of sleeping arrangements as risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome after a national risk reduction campaign. DESIGN: Two year population based case-control study. Parental interviews were conducted for each infant who died and for four controls matched for age and date of interview. SETTING: Three regions in England with a total population of 17 million people. SUBJECTS: 195 babies who died and 780 matched controls. RESULTS: Prone and side sleeping positions both carried increased risks of death compared with supine when adjusted for maternal age, parity, gestation, birth weight, exposure to smoke, and other relevant factors in the sleeping environment (multivariate odds ratio = 9.00 (95% confidence interval 2.84 to 28.47) and 1.84 (1.02 to 3.31), respectively). The higher incidence of side rather than prone sleeping led to a higher population attributable risk (side 18.4%, prone 14.2%). More of the infants who died were found with bed covers over their heads (21.58; 6.21 to 74.99). The use of a dummy had an apparent protective effect (0.38; 0.21 to 0.70). Bed sharing for the whole night was a significant risk factor for infants whose mothers smoked (9.25; 2.31 to 34.02). No protective effect of breast feeding could be identified on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the importance of certain risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome and identifies others-for example, covers over the head, side sleeping position-which may be amenable to change by educating and informing parents and health care professionals.
PURPOSE: Single-use commercial forced air warming blankets serve only to distribute heated air from a blower. Standard bed sheets may be equally effective in delivering hot air within a lower body field and at lower cost. METHODS: Heated forced air at 38 degrees and 43 degrees was delivered within a simulated full-body field beneath standard hospital bed sheets or via a BAIR Model 315 commercial blanket. The air temperatures maintained within, as well as the caloric uptake of standard bodies containing 1000 ml water, were studied under standard simulated operating room conditions. Thermal input was provided by one Bair Hugger Model 500 Warming Unit and hospital acquisition cost for materials were calculated. RESULTS: Air temperatures measured within the full body field at the three test sites were as great or greater using bed sheets (33.4-35.8 degrees) as with the commercial blanket (31.1-33.9 degrees), in spite of the 5 degrees cooler outlet temperature air settings @ 38 degrees vs 43 degrees, respectively (P = 0.003). Forced air delivered beneath bed sheets heated standardized thermal bodies twice as effectively as commercial blankets using identically warmed (38 degrees) forced air and heated as well as, or better, at the 38 degrees setting than did the commercial blanket at the 43 degrees setting. Calculated acquisition costs for sheets vs commercial blankets were $0.76 vs $18.00 US, respectively. CONCLUSION: The simplicity, efficacy and economy of containing 38 degrees warm air beneath bed-sheets offer several advantages over commercial blankets and warrant further study.