PubMed · 8728156
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
R Gokal. 1996. CAPD overview.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8728156/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
A strong phonological theory of reading is proposed and discussed. The first claim of this article is that current debates on word recognition are often based on different axioms regarding the cognitive structures of the mental lexicon rather than conflicting empirical evidence. These axioms lead to different interpretations of the same data. It is argued that once the implicit axioms of competing theories in visual word recognition are explicated, a strong phonological model presents a viable and coherent approach. The assumptions underlying a strong phonological theory of reading are outlined, and 4 theoretical questions are examined: Is phonological recoding a mandatory phase of print processing? Is phonology necessary for lexical access? Is phonology necessary for accessing meaning? How can phonology be derived from orthographic structure? These issues are integrated into a general theory that is constrained by all of the findings.
The purpose of the lung is intrapulmonary gas exchange. The circulatory system delivers the respiratory gases to the tissue. The ventilatory pump however is responsible for the circulation of air between the lungs and the ambient atmosphere. Due to better diffusing capabilities, hypercapnia always is a result of pump failure and little dependent on the lung. Ventilatory failure, either compensated with an increased demand on the muscles or decompensated with an additional increase in pCO2, should be separated from lung failure where primarily oxygen exchange is involved. Decompensated hypercapnic ventilatory failure is then the indication for intermittent mechanical ventilation. The pCO2, either arterial or transcutaneously registered together with the noninvasive evaluation of the mouth occlusion pressures during tidal breathing and during a maximal inspiratory effort, define well the severity of ventilatory failure. In acute on chronic ventilatory failure, noninvasive mechanical ventilation in three randomised and controlled studies resulted in a better survival compared to intubation. To fulfil certain weaning criteria is no longer required in difficult to wean patients, as a transfer from invasive to noninvasive mechanical ventilation can be performed if only cooperativity is preserved together with a minimal capacity of spontaneous breathing. Weaning will thereafter occur by progressive relief from intermittent noninvasive ventilation. 2300 difficult to wean patients in Germany should profit from this approach. Chronic ventilatory failure as a result of neuromuscular disease or scoliosis of the thoracic spine are the classical indications. COPD and myasthenia gravis are under discussion as indications for intermittent mechanical ventilation with an increasing tendency to ventilate. Epidemiological data however can only be roughly estimated due to the heterogeneity of indication and selection of the patients.
The development of instruments for use in culturally diverse settings and populations really involves much more than mere translation. Measurements must be tested for content validity and appropriate meaning among members of the group to be studied. Attention to issues of validity, reliability, and cross-cultural differences will lead to effective assessment, culturally competent health care, and the enhancement of the client/provider relationship. The concerns surrounding the use of quantitative measurement in diverse cultural groups are substantial. While the refinement of scales to meet the needs of various groups is a challenging task, such effort is essential to the diagnosis of disease, determination of health status, and the measurement of health outcomes in the diverse subgroups of this country's population.