PubMed · 869068
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M S Weiner. 1977. Creative "restraints".. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.134.7.821a
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The development of feelings in early childhood is traced, with special emphasis on the mother's role during the toddler phase when she facilitates her child's transition from sensorimotoric discharge to the mental experience, ownership, and use of modulated affects. Many child analytic patients use defenses to ward off feelings, many have not even reached the developmental level of experiencing feelings. How this difficulty manifests itself, the reasons for the developmental lag, and the analytic means of helping such patients are discussed and illustrated.
In this meta-analysis of 34 clinical studies on attachment the hypothesis is tested that maternal problems such as mental illness lead to more deviating attachment classification distributions than child problems such as deafness. A correspondence analysis on 21 North American studies with normal subjects produced a baseline against which the clinical samples could be evaluated. Separate analyses were carried out on studies containing the traditional A, B, C classifications and on studies that also included the recently discovered D or A/C category. Results show that groups with a primary identification of maternal problems show attachment classification distributions highly divergent from the normal distributions, whereas groups with a primary identification of child problems show distributions that are similar to the distributions of normal samples. The introduction of the D or A/C classifications (about 15% in normal samples) reveals an overrepresentation of D or A/C in the child problem groups, but the resulting distribution still is much closer to the normal distributions compared to the samples with maternal problems. In clinical samples, the mother appears to play a more important role than the child in shaping the quality of the infant-mother attachment relationship.
Prevalence rates for specific behaviors in the Problem Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ; Behar & Stringfield, 1974) and for four psychosomatically related behaviors (soiling, day and night wetting, and complaints about bodily aches) were estimated in a sample of 377 Swedish 4-year-olds described by their parents (mainly mothers). The results showed that several of the behaviors classified as outgoing conduct problems were common in this age group; boys showed more problematic behaviors than girls, as did children with older siblings. Firstborn children with younger siblings were more fearful and worried. No systematic differences between children in different types of day care were found. Maternal education had no relationship to reported child behaviors. The findings were discussed in terms of the four-year-age period as a period of transition and with regard to different family situations.