PubMed · 8156872
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H Gall, W Sterry. 1994-03-31. [Does analgetic intolerance exist?].. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1058719
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Microwave irradiation is used as an alternative heating method for extraction over more conventional hot plate methods. We describe a fast, efficient method for the determination of selected drugs in human blood/serum using microwave extraction. The microwave extraction of organic substances requires special instrumentation and the results have been compared with the results from classical liquid/liquid extraction. The present microwave extractions were performed in an 'atmospheric pressure' system. Before irradiation with microwaves, an appropriate solvent mixture was added to the buffered specimen. Lidocaine, methadone, diazepam, nordiazepam, propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene were tested as model substances. The quantitation was performed by GC/NPD. The procedure has been applied successfully to a number of forensic cases. The use of microwaves decreases the time of extraction and the solvent consumption.
Pain is a universal, subjective, unpleasant sensation. It results from a noxious stimulus that causes the body to perceive existing or potential damage to its organs. The biochemical mechanism of pain is based on peripheral nociceptors that preferentially receive noxious stimuli and thereafter cause the primary afferent nociceptor fibers to release endogenous chemicals such as bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, norepinephrine, and substance P. Additionally, substance P may stimulate prostaglandin and collagenase production, thus providing an explanation for the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs in relieving pain. The interpretation of pain is highly individualized and embodies the entire personality. Thus, no two patients with pain can be treated in the same way. Pain is assessed through medical history, physical examination, and a variety of pain scales. General principles in managing pain call for the physician to (1) respect pain; (2) recognize the psychologic components of pain; and (3) treat the underlying disorder in a timely fashion. Modern management of pain evokes a multidisciplinary approach that includes patient education, pharmacologic intervention, physical medicine, minimally invasive procedures, psychologic counseling, behavioral modification and, in some instances, surgery or a variety of other nonpharmacologic modalities.
Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the brain, play an important role in the neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and recent studies suggest that opioid peptides regulate the function of macrophages from somatic tissues. We report herein the presence of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in human fetal microglia and inhibition of HIV-1 expression in acutely infected microglial cell cultures treated with KOR ligands. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses, we found that mRNA for the KOR was constitutively expressed in microglia and determined that the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame was identical to that of the human brain KOR gene. The expression of KOR in microglial cells was confirmed by membrane binding of [3H]U69,593, a kappa-selective ligand, and by indirect immunofluorescence. Treatment of microglial cell cultures with U50,488 or U69,593 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of expression of the monocytotropic HIV-1 SF162 strain. This antiviral effect of the kappa ligands was blocked by the specific KOR antagonist, nor-binaltrophimine. These findings suggest that kappa opioid agonists have immunomodulatory activity in the brain, and that these compounds could have potential in the treatment of HIV-1-associated encephalopathy.