PubMed · 8025509
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M B Sobell, L C Sobell. 1994. Controlled drinking research.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00932.x
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Excessive alcohol consumption is a major health and social issue in our society. Pharmacologic administration of the endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) suppresses alcohol consumption through actions in the brain in rodents, and genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved with FGF21 signaling as being associated with increased alcohol consumption in humans. However, the neural circuit(s) through which FGF21 signals to suppress alcohol consumption are unknown, as are its effects on alcohol consumption in higher organisms. Here, we demonstrate that administration of an FGF21 analog to alcohol-preferring non-human primates reduces alcohol intake by 50%. Further, we reveal that FGF21 suppresses alcohol consumption through a projection-specific subpopulation of KLB-expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdala. Our results illustrate how FGF21 suppresses alcohol consumption through a specific population of neurons in the brain and demonstrate its therapeutic potential in non-human primate models of excessive alcohol consumption.
Ordered categorical data occur frequently in biomedical research. The linear by linear association test for ordered R x C tables permits the investigator to specify row and column scores for analysis. When an investigator believes that there may be more than one set of reasonable scores or when more than one investigator proposes scores, we need a method to decide upon a single procedure to use. We show how to use efficiency robustness principles to combine tests from two or more sets of scores into one robust test for analysis. This test minimizes the worst possible efficiency loss over all the sets of scores. We illustrate the methodology for the R x C case and, in detail, for the important special 2 x C case.
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