PubMed · 7787488
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T Enta. 1995. Dermacase. Contact photodermatitis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7787488/
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Worldwide, there are 3 major standard series of patch tests, the European, North American and Japanese, together presenting 32 allergens, the differences between them being the result of regional variation in allergen distribution as well as differences in dermatological opinion. We propose a "minimal" international standard series of 20 allergens, together with an "extended" international standard series of 14 allergens.
Nickel is the most common contact sensitizer in the female population. The aim of the present study was to examine closely the surface of both used and unused gold-plated earrings by scanning electron microscopy, and to ascertain the distribution of nickel on the surface of these earrings qualitatively and quantitatively by X-ray microanalysis. The claps of 4 sets of used earrings causing nickel dermatitis and of the 3 sets of unused earrings were examined. In backscattered electron images obtained by scanning electron microscopy, a large number of scratches and pits were found on the surface of the used earrings. Cross-sections of the surfaces confirmed that the gold plating was defective in some areas, exposing the nickel. Nickel was readily detected and quantitatively determined in the scratches and pits by X-ray microanalysis. We also found that, even in unused earrings, numerous scratch marks and pits were present, again exposing the nickel. Clearly, even in unused earrings, nickel exposed at the surface sensitizes the skin and causes contact dermatitis.