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PubMed · 7771449

Confounding and effect-modification. 1974.

O Miettinen
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Abstract

Confounding and effect-modification--both very central to epidemiologic thinking and research on causality--are closely related but distinctly separate concepts and phenomena. Both of them involve considerable subleties, with implications for problem conceptualization, study design, data analysis and inference. Some of these subtleties and their implications may warrant greater appreciation in the practice of epidemiologic research, while others require further conceptual development.

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Confounding Factors, EpidemiologicData Interpretation, StatisticalEffect Modifier, EpidemiologicEpidemiologyHistory, 20th CenturyResearch DesignBiographySeminal ArticleHistorical ArticleJournal ArticleResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

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O Miettinen. 1995-06-15. Confounding and effect-modification. 1974.. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117384

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Psychiatric disorder criteria and their application to research in different racial groups.

BACKGROUND: The advent of standardized classification and assessment of psychiatric disorders, and considerable joint efforts among many countries has led to the reporting of international rates of psychiatric disorders, and inevitably, their comparison between different racial groups. RESULTS: In neurologic diseases with defined genetic etiologies, the same genetic cause has different phenotypes in different racial groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest that genetic differences between races mean that diagnostic criteria refined in one racial group, may not be directly and simply applicable to other racial groups and thus more effort needs to be expended on defining diseases in other groups. Cross-racial confounds (in addition to cultural confounds) make the interpretation of rates in different groups even more hazardous than seems to have been appreciated.

Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic↗