PubMed · 7707267
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J Bauer. 1994. Put first things first.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7707267/
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The conflicting perspectives of control theory (CT) and self-efficacy theory (SET) concerning positive discrepancy creation (PDC) were tested and are discussed. According to CT, discrepancies between past performance and future goals are continually reduced. This is contrary to SET's focus on setting future goals higher than past performance levels. Participants performed several trials in a multitask environment, during which they did as many or as few problems as they chose on each of 4 intellectual tasks. Results suggest that PDC is not uncommon in a multitask environment, even after extensive task experience. Regression decomposition techniques identified 2 types of PDC: goal driven and performance driven. Need for achievement, instrumentality, and expectancy predicted the 2 types of PDC with varying success across the 4 tasks. The 2 types of PDC reflect the different theoretical approaches and these 2 self-regulation theories.
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King's conceptual system may be used to build a world community of nurses who respect cultural differences and share the mutual goal of health in each nation. The concepts in this systems framework have been the basis for research and practice and for developing theories such as the theory of goal attainment. This theory includes a human process of interactions that lead to transactions and to goal attainment (outcomes). This process is useful in any nursing situation and in any culture. Knowledge of the concepts of the theory have been applied in practice in the United States, Canada, Sweden, and Japan. An example of implementing theory-based practice in a hospital is discussed.