Attention-generated apparent motion.

Abstract

Motion perception mechanisms have recently been divided into three categories. First-order mechanisms primarily extract motion from moving objects or features that differ from the background in luminance. Second-order mechanism extract motion from moving properties, such as a moving area of flicker in which there is no difference in mean luminance between target and background. These first- and second-order motion mechanisms are primarily monocular. The existence of purely binocular, interocular and various other unusual kinds of apparent motion has promoted conjectures of a third-order mechanism, but there has been no clear suggestion as to the actual computations that such a mechanism might perform. Here we demonstrate 'alternating feature' stimuli that produce apparent motion only when the observer selectively attends to one of the embedded features in the display. The latent motion in the alternating feature stimuli is invisible to first- or second-order motion mechanisms, and the direction of apparent motion depends on the particular feature attended. These findings suggest the mechanism of third-order motion: the locations of the most significant features are registered in a salience map, and motion is computed directly from this map.