PubMed · 766325
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E E Vella, D Goode. 1975. Proceedings: Miningococcal meningitis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/766325/
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Functionalized medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mclPHAs) have gained much interest in research on biopolymers because of their ease of chemical modification. Tailored olefinic mclPHA production from mixtures of octanoic acid and 10-undecenoic acid was investigated in batch and dual (C,N) nutrient limited chemostat cultures of Pseudomonas putida GPo1 (ATCC 29347). In a batch culture, where P. putida GPo1 was grown on a mixture of octanoic acid (58 mol%) and 10-undecenoic acid (42 mol%), it was found that the fraction of aliphatic monomers was slightly lower in mclPHA produced during exponential growth than during late stationary phase. Thus, the total monomeric composition changed over time indicating different kinetics for the two carbon substrates. Chemostat experiments showed that the dual (C,N) nutrient limited growth regime (DNLGR) for 10-undecenoic acid coincided with the one for octanoic acid. Five different chemostats on equimolar mixtures of octanoic acid and 10-undecenoic acid within the DNLGR revealed that the monomeric composition of mclPHA was not a function of the carbon to nitrogen (C(0)/N(0)) ratio in the feed medium but rather of the dilution rate. The fraction of aliphatic monomers in the accumulated mclPHA was slightly lower at high dilution rates and increased towards low dilution rates, again indicating different kinetics for the two carbon substrates in P. putida GPo1.
OBJECTIVES: Laryngoscope blades are in close contact with mucous membranes and can possibly contaminated with virulent or readily transmissible organisms. As laryngoscopy is often required during endotracheal intubation, proper cleaning and sterilization of the laryngoscope blade is crucial to prevent cross-contamination among patients. METHODS: We tested the effectiveness of latex condom using as a laryngoscope blade cover during endotracheal intubation. Both control (no condom) and study group blades were rinsed with sterile saline after intubation. The rinse was sent for bacteria culture, and appearance of bacterial colonization was counted as positive. A water leak test (WLT) was performed on used condoms to verify their integrity. RESULTS: There were total 162 laryngoscopes studied with 83 (51.2%) scopes in the study group and 79 (48.8%) in the control group. Rate of positive bacterial culture were 13.3% and 88.6% in the study and control group, respectively. Although WLT (+) rate of 41% was found in the study group, a high negative culture rate (71.6%) was also noted among the WLT (+) group. CONCLUSIONS: Condom when using as a blade cover during laryngoscopy is a simple, inexpansive and effective way in reducing cross contamination among patients.
BACKGROUND: Smear microscopy is relatively insensitive for the diagnosis of TB. The digestion of sputum with household bleach prior to smear preparation has been reported to improve its sensitivity. This method has not been validated. METHODS: Seven hundred and fifty six patients with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB (PTB) were asked to submit 3 sputum specimens for direct microscopy. One specimen was selected at random for culture and another specimen was digested to prepare a further smear. The WHO case definition (>or=2 positive smears or one positive smear and positive culture) was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the smears. FINDINGS: Four hundred and fifty five (60%) patients were culture-positive. Of these, 235 (31%) had "definite" PTB and 223 (29%) "very likely" PTB (smear-negative, culture-positive). The WHO case definition identified 51% (235/458) of the patients with "definite" or "very likely" PTB. One digested smear detected 219 (93%) of the 235 patients with "definite" PTB and 10 patients with "very likely" PTB (sensitivity (95%CI) 50% (45-55%); specificity 99% (97-100%)). The positive and negative predictive values for one digested smear were 98% (95-99%) and 56% (52-60%) respectively, which were not different (p>0.5) to the WHO case definition (100% and 57%, respectively). INTERPRETATION: One bleach-digested smear is as sensitive and specific as the WHO case definition for the diagnosis of PTB.