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PubMed · 7635110

Measurement methods for human exposure analysis.

P J Lioy
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Abstract

The general methods used to complete measurements of human exposures are identified and illustrations are provided for the cases of indirect and direct methods used for exposure analysis. The application of the techniques for external measurements of exposure, microenvironmental and personal monitors, are placed in the context of the need to test hypotheses concerning the biological effects of concern. The linkage of external measurements to measurements made in biological fluids is explored for a suite of contaminants. This information is placed in the context of the scientific framework used to conduct exposure assessment. Examples are taken from research on volatile organics and for a large scale problem: hazardous waste sites.

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Environmental ExposureEnvironmental MonitoringHazardous SubstancesHumansRisk AssessmentJournal ArticleResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

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P J Lioy. 1995. Measurement methods for human exposure analysis.. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s335

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Natural radioactivity intake into wheat grown on fertilized farms in two districts of Pakistan.

The use of phosphate fertilizers on agricultural farms enhances gamma-ray activity concentration in the farms and therefore absorbed dose rates to the public. The most common natural radionuclides in fertilizer and soil are (40)K, (226)Ra and (232)Th. Agricultural farms at four locations in two districts in Pakistan consisting of saline and normal soils had been under fertilizer treatment for the past 30, 20, 10 and 0 y, therefore, natural radioactivity has been measured in soil samples from these sites to investigate the effect of fertilizers in soil and wheat grown in these sites. Radioactivity measured in soil of the sites under investigation was 550-644, 20-35 and 42-58 Bq kg(-1) for (40)K, (226)Ra and (232)Th, respectively. Wheat was grown in the farms and radioactivity transferred from soil to roots, shoots and grains was also measured. Relatively high natural radioactivity has been observed in the fertilized agricultural farms and in the wheat plants grown in these farms. From the total amount of an element uptaken in a plant, distribution of the element in different parts of the plant has been studied. The distribution of potassium was almost uniform in roots, shoots and grains of wheat; that of radium was different in the three parts of wheat; and that of thorium was almost equal in shoots and grains but quite large in the roots. Soils to grain transfer factors of the natural radionuclides have been determined as 3-4 x 10(-2) for (226)Ra, 2-3 x 10(-2) for (232)Th and 17-20 x 10(-2) for (40)K. Annual doses of (40)K and (226)Ra received by intake of grain products have been estimated to lie within range while the dose received from intake of (232)Th is larger than the range specified in UNSCEAR report 2000.

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