PubMed · 7445158
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F Holst-Nielsen. 1980-09-22. [Ring avulsions].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7445158/
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Agriculture has one of the highest occupational fatality rates of all U.S. industries. Since the mid-1970s, traditional small-bale balers have gradually been replaced by large-bale balers in the agriculture industry. Expanded use of these balers has resulted in worker exposure to new hazards not present during handling of traditional small bales; the larger size of the bales increases the potential for serious injury or death while workers handle them. During 1994-1996, seven persons in Minnesota died in separate incidents that involved large round hay bales (i.e., cylindrical bales approximately 5 feet in length with flat ends, diameters of approximately 6 feet, and weights ranging from 750 to 1500 lbs). The Minnesota Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation program (MN FACE), a program sponsored by CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), was notified of these incidents by the Minnesota Extension Service, a newspaper clipping service, and/or by death-certificate review. This report describes three incidents that were reported to MN FACE during 1994-1996, summarizes national surveillance for bale-associated deaths during 1980-1995, and provides recommendations to prevent fatalities associated with large bales.
The U.S. government currently publishes workplace fatality rates, using employment as the denominator. However, employment may not be a good proxy for worker exposure to risk if groups of workers differ in their hours worked. Using micro data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries and Current Population Survey, this paper presents alternative fatality rates calculated using employment and hours worked. Rates are compared for worker groups defined by gender, age, occupation, and industry. In general, both measures identify the same groups of workers as facing especially high and low fatality risks. The rank correlation of the employment- and hours-based fatality rates for 222 detailed occupations is very high, with a value of 0.99. However, for a few groups, the hours- and employment-based rates may differ more than 10%. Most notably, workers below age 20 and above age 64 have rates that are 60% and 37% higher, respectively, when hours is used in the denominator. This suggests that hours--the conceptually preferable denominator--should be used when possible to calculate workplace fatality rates.
Detailed information on occupational injuries and the precise number of injuries among waste collectors is missing. In this study, risk circumstances associated with injuries among waste collectors were analyzed and described. The study was carried out in a single company with 667 employees in 1993. For each injury, information was collected on date, time, type, and severity of the injury, injury circumstances, department of employment, external or internal registration, sex, year of birth and employment, type of employment, and a registration of where the injury happened. A total of 17% of the employees experienced injury. The number of injuries decreased with increasing seniority and age. Most injuries occurred outside the company area. More injuries occurred on Mondays and Thursdays, and there were peaks in the injury rate in May and September. Most often injured was the back, followed by the knees, hands, and feet. The job as a waste collector was associated with a high risk of experiencing an occupational injury and the number of injuries decreased with increasing seniority and nonsignificantly with increasing age. Moreover, a seasonal and weekly variation was observed.