PubMed · 7363312
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H Thornton. 1980. The marathon.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7363312/
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From 1979 to 1985, protostrongylid infections (small lungworms) of chamois were studied at the Bauges hunting reserve, in the western Alps. Fifty-two chamois were necropsied on 24 sites and lung nematodes identified to species. From June to November 1985, a more detailed study was undertaken on four sites where chamois were the only ruminants. First-stage larvae excreted in feces and infection of snails intermediate hosts were monitored. The protostrongylid species were, arranged in decreasing order of prevalence, Neostrongylus linearis, Protostrongylus rupicaprae, Muellerius capillaris, and Muellerius tenuispiculatus. Intensity was higher in females than in males (in chamois aged 4 to 11 months compared with younger or older ones) in winter than in the other seasons. Intensity of infection increased as chamois were located at lower altitudes. The snail intermediate hosts were, in decreasing order of importance, Helix pomatia, Cepaea sylvatica and Arianta arbustorum.
In a study of lambs from 194 sheep flocks from different areas of Norway, 44.3% of the flocks were found seropositive against Toxoplasma gondii using an ELISA test, with antibodies found in 16.2% of the 1940 individual animals. The risk factors for the occurrence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii found in the multivariate logistic regression were: daily presence of a young cat in the sheep house (Odds ratio, OR = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.01-19.7); 'atypical' grazing of lambs (OR = 6.35, CI = 2.36-17.11); use of mouse poison in the sheep house (OR = 2.26, CI = 1.02-5.00); farm situated at an altitude > 100 meters above seal level (101-250 m: OR = 1.20, CI = 0.49-2.92; 251-500 m: OR = 4.97; CI = 2.04-12.0; > 500 m: OR = 3.66, CI = 1.33-10.1). A lower risk was found for flocks with perforated metal floors in the sheep house (OR = 0.47, CI = 0.23-0.96) and timber construction of the sheep house (OR = 0.34, CI = 0.15-0.80). Based on these findings it was recommended that farmers avoid keeping young cats in the sheep houses, that close-to-farm grazing be kept to a minimum and that perforated metal floors be used in the sheep houses. However, with such a high seroprevalence, the proposed measures alone would not reduce the occurrence of Toxoplasma in lambs to a level where undercooked lamb can be consumed without posing an unacceptable risk for some consumer groups.