PubMed · 7273921
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R S Lourie. Primary prevention in infancy.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7273921/
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Thirty preschoolers rated as "hard to manage" on Goodman's (R. Goodman, 1997) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and a group of matched control children were observed and recorded on audiotape at home, interacting with their mothers (Time 1). At the 18-month follow-up home visits (Time 2), the children and mothers were filmed across 4 observation settings. Mother-child interactions were rated on affect, control, responsiveness and "connectedness" of communication. At Time 1, mothers of the "hard to manage" group used more negative control and engaged in fewer connected conversations than did mothers in the control group. At Time 2, mothers of the "hard to manage" group displayed higher levels of negative control and lower levels of positive control. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining connected communication and different observation contexts when examining dyadic mother-child interactions.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an early intervention project focused on improving child prereading skills and parent behaviour-management skills, for 4-year-old children in the western suburbs of Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). METHODOLOGY: Following screening of a large sample of preschoolers, four groups were constructed: (i) children receiving a phonological skills-based prereading package in their normal preschool programme; (ii) children whose parents attended six sessions of child behaviour management skill training; (iii) children who received both interventions; and (iv) a control group. Pre-, post-, 1 and 2 year follow-up measures were taken to assess effects on child behavioural and learning adjustment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This community based intervention resulted in positive effects, despite being of low intensity, in achieving significantly less hyperactive/distractable behaviour in children from the combined intervention group at 2 years postintervention. Anxiety problems were also reduced at the post-treatment phase. The prereading package did not demonstrate any effects on reading skills and was deemed to be insufficiently intensive to affect a population of disadvantaged preschoolers. This universal-type of intervention was well accepted by the community, but there is need for further effort to increase recruitment of families of at-risk children into such programmes.
This update discusses the evidence to link maternal smoking during pregnancy with adverse pregnancy outcome, and also the potential long-term effects on health of in-utero exposure to tobacco smoke. Smoking cessation strategies will also be considered.