PubMed · 7263257
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B L Cohen. 1981. Perspective on occupational mortality risks.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198105000-00009
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A comprehensive model for predicting the dynamics of spills from LNG and oil product tankers is constructed from fluid mechanics principles and empirical properties of oil and LNG spills on water. The analysis utilizes the significant tanker hold and discharge flow area dimensions to specify the cargo liquid outflow history and the ensuing pool characteristics, including the establishment of a pool fire. The pool fire area, duration, and heat release rate are determined as functions of the tanker cargo variables. Examples of an LNG and gasoline spill show that for likely discharge flow areas these spills may be regarded as instantaneous, simplifying the evaluation of risk consequences.
Liquefied-pressure gases (LPG) are transported and stored in the liquid phase in closed tanks under sufficiently high pressure. In the case of an accident, an abrupt tank unsealing may release enormous quantity of evaporating gas and energy that has a destructive effect on the tank and its surroundings. In this paper, experiments with explosions of small LPG tanks are described. The data acquisition equipment applied in the tests provided a chance to learn dynamics of the process and determine hazard factors. The tests enabled a determination of temperature and pressure at which tanks containing LPG disrupt. The results enable a reconstruction of consecutive phases of the explosion and identification of hazards resulting from damage of the tanks. An explanation of the tank unsealing process with fluid parameters above critical point is given.
This study was designed to show how those proficient at a machining task, where proficiency was gained through both training and past experience, influence the perceived hazard and risk when observing Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining. The study was also designed to determine whether the impact of the visual and auditory cues can be isolated during diagnosis of the hazard. In a study that included 40 participants, results show that trained observers can perceive more correctly a hazardous condition which is different from what one would predict based on psychophysics. The results also show that trained participants relied strongly on the auditory cues to diagnose the potential hazard and risk correctly whereas the untrained participants who had access to both auditory and visual senses perceived the potential hazard more incorrectly than those trained and more similarly to a traditional Stevens' psychophysical curve. Untrained subjects who had only auditory input had the most difficulty in distinguishing differences in the perception of hazard. This is important considering recent dialogue about whether there is a need to train for tasks that will be automated. The idea of training, especially for automated tasks, is important in allowing better recognition of hazard and risk in unusual circumstances. Additional research may help to improve the diagnosis of hazard and risk and may enable generalization of the results to other training scenarios in the manufacturing and services industries.