PubMed · 7232062
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D J Rapp. 1981. Diet and hyperactivity.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7232062/
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Event-related potential (ERP) studies report that the positive deflection following stimulus evaluation at 300 msec (P3) in hyperactive children is augmented by methylphenidate (MP). This study investigates P3 and preceding ERP components using an auditory oddball task in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mismatch negativity, negativity at 100 and 200 msec, and positivity at 200 msec and 300 msec (P3) were obtained from 14 control and hyperkinetic children. ADHD children who responded to MP were tested on two separate days while receiving either MP or placebo. Controls were tested once. No differences were found between groups for ERP components preceding P3. P3 amplitude was significantly larger under MP than under placebo, but did not differ from controls. Under MP, differences in P3 amplitude unexpectedly occurred when no response was required. A P3 amplitude increase under MP and the unexpected P3 suggest that MP affects attention regulation.
This study examines cerebrospinal fluid from patients with three neuropsychiatric diseases of childhood for the presence and levels of several cytokines relevant to cell-mediated (type 1) and humoral (type 2) immunity. The patient groups include childhood-onset schizophrenia (n = 22), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (n = 24), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 42). The cytokines examined include IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-beta/LT, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Patients with OCD had a preponderance of type 1 cytokines. IL-4 was detectable only in samples from patients with schizophrenia. IL-10 was rarely detected and never in patients with OCD. Few patients with schizophrenia had detectable amounts of IFN-gamma in CSFL. We conclude that there is a relative skewing of CSFL profiles toward type 1 cytokines in patients with OCD, whereas in schizophrenia the relative preponderance is toward type 2 mediators. Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder exhibited profiles intermediate between OCD and schizophrenia. We infer that cell-mediated immunity may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of OCD, whereas a relative lack of cell-mediated immunity and involvement of humoral immunity may be present in schizophrenia. These data provide a rationale for immune-based strategies of study and therapeutics in childhood neuropsychiatric disease.