PubMed · 7203502
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A T Bahill, J R Latimer, B T Troost. 1980. Linear homeomorphic model for human movement.. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.1980.326703
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Traditionally, acquired forms of nystagmus have been classified in descriptive terms based on their clinical features and recorded waveforms. In the past 20 years, the mechanisms of several major forms of nystagmus have been elucidated; animal and mathematical models for these ocular oscillations have been developed. These advances, which owe much to modern anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological techniques, have enhanced the diagnostic value of nystagmus and provide the basis for developing rational therapy.
A careful neuro-otologic examination is important in the diagnosis of vestibular disorders. This article reviews the bedside examination, beginning with the underlying physiologic principles. Techniques for testing static and dynamic vestibulo-ocular and vestibulospinal function are summarized. Finally, the use of specific provocative maneuvers is described.