PubMed · 7176726
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M H Evans. 1982. Optically coupled stimulus isolation headstage.. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02443417
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PURPOSE: This article is an overview of the newer therapeutic interventions employed in the care of the spinal cord injured individual and the theoretical rationale supporting them. ISSUE: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) care was, until recently, a maintenance type treatment, addressing systems mostly affected by complications of the original injury (e.g. bladder, skin, spasiticity). CONCLUSION: With the recent advances in the neuroscience field, more aggressive interventions geared at secondary injury prevention, neuronal regeneration and functional restoration are emerging.
BACKGROUND: Compared to ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE), ulnar neuropathy at the wrist (UNW) is rarer and more difficult to localize with routine electrophysiologic studies. METHODS: By stimulating the ulnar nerve at the wrist and palm, and recording from first dorsal interosseous (FDI), the sensitivity and specificity of conduction block (CB) and slow conduction velocity (CV) of FDI fibers across the wrist was compared to traditional electrodiagnostic techniques for localization of UNW. Twenty patients with clinically defined UNW (due mainly to wrist trauma), 30 normal controls, and 20 disease controls with severe (n = 10) and mild (n = 10) UNE were evaluated prospectively. The upper (mean +2.5 SD) and lower (mean -2.5 SD) limits for all measurements were derived from the normal controls. RESULTS: The UNW patients showed: slow wrist-palm FDI CV (<37 m/s) in 16 (80%); definite or probable CB in 14 (70%); prolonged distal latency (DL) to FDI (>4.5 milliseconds) in 12 (60%), to ulnar-innervated palmar interosseous (PI) versus median-innervated lumbrical (L) in 12 (60%), and to abductor digiti minimi (ADM) in 11 (55%). However, only CB and slow wrist-palm FDI CV (<37 m/s) were specific for UNW; prolonged DL to FDI was found in 4 patients (40%), to ADM in 4 patients (40%), and to PI in 1 patient (10%) with severe UNE. Overall, CB or slow wrist-palm FDI CV was present in 19 patients with UNW (95%). EMG failed to differentiate UNW from UNE, because forearm ulnar-innervated muscles were typically normal in UNW, but also often normal in mild UNE. CONCLUSIONS: In UNW, an additional palmar stimulation site improves electrodiagnostic yield, and demonstrates that CB is an important cause of muscle weakness.