PubMed · 7136826
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B Dorfman Lerner. 1982. [Defusion].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7136826/
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Two studies explored the tension between self-interest and the equality norm in problems of resource allocation. Study 1 presented graduate business students with a hypothetical task requiring them to make a series of managerial decisions. On learning the outcome of those decisions, they were asked to divide a bonus pool between self and a rival manager (who had opted for very different decisions and achieved either the same results as self on 2 criteria or a better result on 1 criterion and a worse result on the other criterion). Study 2 required Stanford and San Jose State undergraduates to consider the division of a hypothetical scholarship fund between candidates from their 2 schools. Data from both studies contrasted the apparent evenhandedness and lack of self-interest manifested by allocators with the self-serving responses of evaluators. Furthermore, when faced with different claims, participants were inclined to justify an unequal allocation of resources--provided that they, or a representative of their group, received the larger share--that few personally would have recommended, demanded, or imposed.
This clinical paper develops an interpersonal theory of the therapist-patient relationship when boundaries are violated. It describes a clinically useful way to define boundary transgressions. A variety of mutually created dialectical paradigms interact with the therapist's psychopathology when, for various reasons, the therapist who is fully ethically responsible cannot see what is happening. The role of burgeoning aggression, dominance/ submission interplay, envy, and erotized countertransference is explored as forces leading to sexual and nonsexual exploitation of patients. Numerous clinical vignettes are used to illustrate the theoretical issues. Two fundamental axioms of treatment are also described, which, if followed, can help avoid transgressions.
Attention is called to ways in which the analyst's subjective experience and judgment of reality, aspects of his or her psychic reality, not only are necessary to the effective conduct of any psychoanalysis but play a positive and useful role. The theoretical framework of ego psychology risks overemphasizing the primacy of the analyst's reality, while self psychology risks discarding it in favor of the patient's psychic reality. Each view has its dangers, and an integration of both should be sought without losing the advantages of either. Although the analyst's view of reality may in some instances be relatively privileged, most often it is valuable as a heuristic device focusing the analyst's attention when a discrepancy appears between the patient's version of reality and that of the analyst. When used in such a manner, it enhances rather than detracts from the analytic, empathic investigation of the patient's reality.