PubMed · 6855515
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R I Shmurun, A I Shmurun. [Device for measuring microscopic objects].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6855515/
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PURPOSE: To determine the characteristics of a commercial electronic portal imaging device (EPID), based on a two-dimensional matrix of liquid-filled ionization chambers, for transmission dose measurements during patient treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Electronic portal imaging device measurements were performed in a cobalt-60 beam and two accelerator x-ray beams, and compared with measurements performed with a Farmer-type ionization chamber in air in a miniphantom and in an extended water phantom. RESULTS: The warming up time of the EPID is about 1 h. The long-term stability of the detector is better than 1% under reference conditions for a period of about 3 months. The signal of the ionization chambers follows approximately the square root of the dose rate, although the relation becomes more linear for larger (> 1 Gy/min) dose rates. The signal can be transformed to dose rate with an accuracy of 0.6% (1 SD). The short-term influence of integrated dose on the sensitivity of the ionization chambers is small. The sensitivity increases about 0.5% for all ionization chambers after an absorbed dose of 8 Gy and returns to its original value in less than 5 min after stopping the irradiation. This small increase in sensitivity can be ascribed to the electrode distance of the ionization chambers in commercial EPIDs, which is 0.8 +/- 0.1 mm. The sensitivity increase depends on the electrode distance and is 4% for a 1.4 mm electrode distance. The scattering properties of the EPID ionization chambers were between those of an ionization chamber in a miniphantom and in a water phantom. CONCLUSION: The matrix ionization chamber EPID has characteristics that make it very suitable for dose rate measurements. It is therefore a very promising device for in vivo dosimetry purposes.
PURPOSE: Clinical implementation of multileaf collimation (MLC) includes commissioning (including leaf calibration), dosimetric measurements (penumbra, transmission, calculation parameters), shaping methods, networking for file transfer, verification simulation, and development of a quality assurance (QA) program. Differences of MLC and alloy shaping in terms of penumbra and stair-step effects must be analyzed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Leaf positions are calibrated to light field. The resultant decrement line, penumbras, leaf transmission data, and isodoses in various planes were measured with film. Penumbra was measured for straight edges and corners, in various media. Ion chambers were used to measure effects of MLC on output, scatter, and depth dose. We maintain midleaf intersection criteria. MLC fields are set 7 mm beyond planning target volumes. After shaping by vendor software or by our three-dimensional planning system, files are transferred to the MLC workstation by means of sharing software, interface cards, and cabling. A MLC emulator was constructed for simulation. Our QA program includes file checks, monthly checks (leaf position accuracy and interlock tests), and annual review. RESULTS: We found the MLC leaf position (light field) corresponds to decrement lines ranging from 50 to 59%. Transmission through MLC (1.5-2.5%) is less than alloy (3.5%). Multileaf penumbra is slightly wider than for alloy. Relative penumbra did not increase in the lung, and composite field dosimetry exhibited negligible differences compared with alloy. Verification simulations provide diagnostic image quality hard copies of the MLC fields. Monitor unit parameters used for alloy held for MLC. DISCUSSION: Clinical implementation for MLC as a block replacement was conducted on a site-by-site basis. Time studies indicate significant (25%) in-room time reductions. Through imaging and dosimetric analysis, the accuracy of field delivery has increased with MLC. The most significant impact of MLC is the ability to increase the number of daily treatment fields, thereby reducing normal tissue dosing, which is vital for dose escalation.
It is well established that the fluorescent probes dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (H2R123) can be used to detect the respiratory burst response of mature myeloid cells. We describe a simple, fast and quantitative assay for myeloid differentiation based on the oxidation of these probes, which can be performed from start to finish in 96-well dishes. A bis(acetoxymethyl) ester of H2DCF-DA, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CODCF-DA) is also capable of detecting the respiratory burst, but is less suitable than H2DCF-DA or H2R123 in our system. The amount of fluorescence produced can be quantified using a calibration curve, and values can be normalised to cell numbers using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenylte-trazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay. Results are expressed as 'equivalents of soluble fluorescein' (ESF) produced per cell under the defined reaction conditions. The extent to which HL60 cells reduce MTT is unaffected by differentiation induced by retinoic acid or 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and normalisation of fluorescence values using the MTT assay appears to be valid for a wide range of myeloid cell lines and differentiation inducers or cytokines.