PubMed · 6711930
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J Freeman, L Goldberg. 1984. Ectopic pregnancy.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(84)80116-x
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OBJECTIVE: To obtain information from specialists in equine surgery as to prevalence of, predisposing factors for, and methods to prevent postoperative adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery. DESIGN: Survey. PROCEDURE: Surveys were mailed to 196 diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons involved in equine practice. RESULTS: 60 (31%) surveys were returned. Most respondents (55/60) routinely informed clients of the risk of postoperative adhesion formation in horses with small intestinal lesions. When asked after which procedures they routinely used measures to prevent adhesions, 56 of 60 (93%) indicated that they did after small intestinal resection and anastomosis and 56 of 60 (93%) indicated that they did after any abdominal surgery in foals. The 4 methods most frequently listed when respondents were asked which methods were effective at preventing adhesion formation were meticulous surgical technique, administration of antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intraoperative peritoneal lavage, and methods that prevent abdominal contamination. Most respondents (50/60) thought that at least some horses with colic secondary to adhesion formation could be managed medically. Fifty-four (90%) respondents indicated that they were successful less than half of the time when treating horses with adhesions severe enough to require additional surgery. CONCLUSION: In general, respondents thought that less than 15% of horses undergoing abdominal surgery would develop adhesions, but that horses with small intestinal disease and foals were most prone to develop adhesions. Meticulous surgical technique was thought to be the most important factor in preventing adhesions, and many prevention regimens reported to be effective in the literature were not commonly used in practice.
The inhibitory neurotransmitter of premotor nonspiking local interneurones in the crayfish terminal abdominal ganglion was investigated physiologically and immunocytochemically. Depolarization of a nonspiking interneurone evoked a hyperpolarization in a uropod motor neurone. The amplitude of hyperpolarization in the motor neurone was gradually decreased under low-calcium/high-magnesium saline. Local pressure injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the neuropil caused a similar hyperpolarization of the motor neurone. These physiological studies suggested a GABAergic inhibitory interaction between nonspiking interneurones and the motor neurones. Premotor nonspiking interneurones are classified into two subgroups ofposterolateral (PL) and anterolateral (AL) interneurones, and AL interneurones are further divided into three subtypes. A combination of intracellular staining from nonspiking local interneurones with Lucifer yellow and immunocytochemical staining with an antiserum directed against GABA revealed that all the PL interneurones sampled in this study showed GABA-like immunoreactivity. A population of cell bodies (n = 6-11) with a small diameter (15-30 microm) packed together forming a cluster showed GABA-like immunoreactivity, and the cell bodies of most PL interneurones were found in this cluster. To compare the number and the pattern of main branches of PL interneurones, cells were classified into three identifiable sets of interneurones, called PL-1, PL-2, and PL-3. By contrast, about one-half of AL interneurones, especially the third subtype of AL interneurones, which have cell bodies located ventrolaterally in the ganglion, did not show GABA-like immunoreactivity. Furthermore, the position of cell bodies of GABA-immunoreactive AL interneurones was scattered compared to that of PL interneurones.
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