PubMed · 6693663
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S J Wasserman. 1984. Ciliary function and disease.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(84)90478-0
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Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles that generate force and sense the extracellular environment. In humans, these structures are essential for development, homeostasis, and reproduction, with defects contributing to a wide array of congenital and degenerative disorders. As cilia were present on the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes, research on cilia across model organisms holds significant relevance for understanding human disease. The green alga Chlamydomonas, which diverged from the human lineage with the animal-plant split, shares striking similarities in ciliary structure and function with humans. Two decades ago, our group published the proteome of the Chlamydomonas cilium, identifying hundreds of new ciliary proteins that were organized in an online database. Since then, advances have brought us a more comprehensive understanding of both Chlamydomonas and mammalian cilia. Our database, www.Cilia.Pro, has been continually updated to integrate proteomic, transcriptomic, and genomic data from Chlamydomonas and Caenorhabditis along with humans, and other vertebrates providing a valuable tool for the ciliary research community.
The Geometric Clutch hypothesis integrates a large body of seemingly disconnected analytical measurements and observations into one conceptual framework. It remains to be established whether certain key requirements of the hypothesis are actual attributes of real axonemes. The hypothesis is rich in predictive value, as its fundamental working elements are developed directly from physical properties and structures of the axoneme. Exploration of these predictions will serve to confirm or reject the hypothesis itself, but even more importantly, may contribute to elucidation of the principles underlying ciliary and flagellar functioning.
PURPOSE: Estradiol (E2) induced ciliogenesis has been demonstrated in several mammalian species. There is no consensus as to what extent, if any, this occurs in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether hormonal manipulation could limit deciliation and/or stimulate ciliogenesis using human tubal epithelium in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiment 1: Tubal epithelial organ explant cultures were established from nine women undergoing hysterectomy. Several segments from each tube were fixed immediately (in vivo control), the remainder were maintained in culture for one week. One group received no hormontal treatment (in vitro control). The others were supplemented with E2 2 ng/ml (low E2) or 10 ng/ml (high E2), Clomiphene citrate 300 ng/ml + low E2 (CC), and progesterone 300 ng/ml + low E2 (P4). All specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the percent ciliated area determined. Experiment 2: Tubal epithelial cultures were established from an additional 11 patients. After 1 week in culture, half of the explants from each patient were supplemented with E2 15 ng/ml vs no E2 and maintained for another week. The specimens were examined as above, as well as with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: Experiment 1: After 1 week in culture the mean percent ciliated areas in the in vitro control (24.8 +/- 17.9), low E2 (24.7 +/- 17.0), P4 (20.7 +/- 10.7), and CC (25.8 +/- 17.2) were approximately half the in vivo control (45.7 +/- 10.4), P = 0.005. The high E2 group (39.7 +/- 19.7) was significantly higher than the in vitro control, P = 0.008, but was not different from the in vivo control. Experiment 2: Both groups demonstrated a great reduction in ciliated area and were not significantly different from each other, E2 (8.3 +/- 10.8) and control (3.0 +/- 3.0). TEM failed to demonstrate ciliogenic precursors in either group. CONCLUSIONS: High E2 was capable of preventing initial epithelial deciliation in vitro. Once deciliation started however, high E2 was unable to limit the process or induce ciliogenesis.