PubMed · 66852
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A Svejgaard. 1977. The HLA system.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/66852/
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BACKGROUNDIncreasing incidence rates of invasive Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (iSDSE) have been detected worldwide.AIMWe aimed to investigate iSDSE infection incidence rates in Denmark during 2014-2024, and characterise the genomic population structure of a subset of iSDSE isolates and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR).METHODSUsing national register data, we estimated overall and sex-/age-stratified iSDSE incidences during 2014-2024, by retrospectively identifying cases of invasive infections with group C and G streptococci or S. dysgalactiae (including specified as subspecies equisimilis). From the voluntary national beta-haemolytic streptococci laboratory surveillance system, whole-genome-sequenced isolates from August 2020-September 2022 were used to investigate the iSDSE genomic population structure. Susceptibility to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin was determined and AMR genes identified.RESULTSDuring 2014-2024, iSDSE incidence rates increased significantly (linear trend analysis p < 0.001) with mean annual incidence ranging between 10.3 and 16.4 per 100,000, peaking in 2023. Incidence was higher in males, increasing with older age. Nearly 75% of the 1,223 iSDSE isolates belonged to four of 14 genetic clusters. Sequence types (STs) ST20 and ST17 were most prevalent, while emm-type stG62647, a variant associated internationally with higher virulence, dominated. All isolates were phenotypically susceptible to penicillin but approximately 10% were respectively erythromycin and clindamycin resistant. High erythromycin resistance prevalence (57%; 39/68), coinciding with gene ermA, occurred in one genetic cluster.CONCLUSIONThe findings illustrate the need for national registry-based surveillance to detect epidemiological changes and potential outbreaks. Further, continuous genomic surveillance can monitor the occurrence and expansion of genetic clades and AMR genes.
INTRODUCTION: Haematuria is a serious symptom and is often detected by dipstick analysis. We examined the use of dipsticks in general practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to all GPs in a county in Denmark in April 2000. RESULTS: The response rate was 92%. All GPs used dipsticks for the detection of haematuria. Answers to the questionnaire were compared with the guidelines of the dipstick manufacturers, and we found that 80% handled the dipstick incorrectly. A microscope was available in 65% of practices, and 44% performed urine microscopy in the case of dipstick haematuria. DISCUSSION: The validity of dipsticks in the detection of haematuria is discussed, and we conclude that dipsticks must be handled strictly in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer, so as to maintain a high rate of specificity and sensitivity. A positive dipstick should be followed up immediately with microscopy of the same urine sample.
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