PubMed · 6637755
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F I Nicolle. 1983. Methylphenidate.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6637755/
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Whole-blood serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels were measured in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid conduct disorder (CD) or oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD). It was hypothesized that the whole-blood 5-HT levels of ADHD probands would be significantly correlated with the whole-blood 5-HT levels of their mothers. Fifty-two children who met DSM-III-R criteria for ADHD were selected consecutively from an ADHD clinic (47 males--35 Caucasians, 10 African-Americans, and 2 Hispanics; 10 females--all Caucasians). Whole-blood 5-HT was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography and compared between ADHD children with and without comorbid CD or ODD. The familiality of whole-blood 5-HT levels was studied by Spearman's rank-order correlation. There were no significant age, race, or sex effects. There was no significant difference in whole-blood 5-HT levels between children with ADHD only (n = 22; 190 +/- 45 ng/ml) and ADHD with CD or ODD (n = 30; 212 +/- 67). However, 7 out of 30 (23%) children with ADHD+CD/ODD had whole-blood 5-HT levels > 270 ng/ml, while none of the ADHD-only children had whole-blood 5-HT levels > 270 ng/ml, a statistically significant difference. Whole-blood 5-HT levels showed significant positive correlations between 36 children with disruptive behavior disorders and their biological mothers (rs = 0.47). There was no difference in mean levels of whole-blood 5-HT between subgroups of children with ADHD with or without comorbid CD or ODD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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The purpose of this study was to examine two executive control processes--response inhibition and re-engagement of responses after inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thirty-three children with ADHD and 22 normal control children of similar age (7 to 11 years) and mean IQ (107) were tested with the change paradigm. ADHD subgroups were defined by the context in which the ADHD symptoms predominated (in the home only; at school only; and in both, i.e., pervasive ADHD). Children with marked oppositional defiant or conduct disorder were excluded. Children with ADHD exhibited deficits in inhibitory control and in response re-engagement. Deficits were greatest in pervasive ADHD and, to a lesser extent, in those with ADHD limited to the school context. ADHD limited to the home context showed the least deficit. These results replicate an earlier study that found deficient inhibitory control in pervasive ADHD and demonstrate that the deficit in ADHD involves a second aspect of executive control.