PubMed · 653281
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P Sadoul. 1978-02-11. [Chronic bronchitis].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/653281/
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Cefaclor is active against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in addition to the pathogens typically susceptible to first-generation cephalosporins. Cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) provides the opportunity for once or twice daily dosing of this agent. Clinical trials using cefaclor AF have been carried out in a number of centres on bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, the urinary tract and the skin. In vitro susceptibility tests on selected pathogens from the clinical trials were carried out according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommendations, generally with excellent agreement between in vitro and in vivo response.
Over the last decade, the spectrum of organisms causing community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections has changed. Streptococcus pneumoniae now causes approximately 30% of outpatient acute pneumonia-less than in former decades-whereas Mycoplasma pneumoniae is found in both young and elderly patients. The Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus are now seen more frequently as respiratory tract pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia patients, and they are the major organisms causing pneumonia in residents of homes for the elderly or nursing homes, and in immuno-compromised patients. Agents that were previously considered non-pathogenic for the respiratory tract include serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae other than type b, H. parainfluenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis; these organisms affect mainly patients with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Legionella species can cause sporadic as well as epidemic disease of the lower respiratory tract. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a newly recognized pathogen responsible for mild to severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections. In 60-80% of cases, hospital-acquired pneumonias are caused by Gram-negative bacilli and S. aureus. These organisms colonize the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract and penetrate into the lower tract by aspiration or intubation.
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