Varicella.

Chickenpox rarely occurs during pregnancy but affected patients risk not only varicella pneumonia but also fetal contamination with potentially malformative effects or severe neonatal infection depending on whether the infection occurs early or late during pregnancy. More than 15% of the affected women have detectable lesions on the chest X-ray. Respiratory distress is the main risk with mortality reaching nearly 20%. Fetal contamination occurs via transplacental transmission. Fetal malformations are observed in less than 5% of the cases when fetal infection occurs early (before the end of the fifth month) but are generally quite severe. The mechanism is apparently fetal zona a few weeks after initial infection. Antenatal diagnosis is generally obtained on the basis of sonographic findings, and identification of viral genome using polymerase chain reaction on cordocentesis or amniotic fluid biopsy samples. Screening attempts to identify fetal anomalies and evaluate fetal prognosis. Induced abortion should be discussed in cases where both fetal malformation and fetal infection are confirmed. After five months, the risk of malformation appears to be much lower. It is known however that fetal varicella can be observed if the maternal infection occurs just before delivery. The most severe forms are seen when the maternal eruption occurs during the 4 days prior to delivery. Neonatal mortality in these cases reaches 20%. Unlike varicella, there is apparently little or no risk either for the mother or for the child in case of zona during pregnancy.

Chickenpox↗

PubMed1995

MR and CT imaging patterns in post-varicella encephalitis.

The aim of the investigation was to determine the patterns of cerebral involvement on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in post-varicella encephalitis. Four children between the ages of 2 and 11 years presented over a 5-year period with a diagnosis of post-varicella encephalitis. Their imaging studies and clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. The medical histories of all four children were noncontributory except for recent bouts of chickenpox 1 week to 3 months prior to hospitalization. Three children presented with parkinsonian manifestations. Bilateral, symmetric hypodense, nonenhancing basal ganglia lesions were found on CT. These areas showed nonenhancing low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images on MR. One child presented with diffuse, multiple gray and white matter lesions of similar imaging characteristics; some lesions, however, did enhance. This child had no gait disturbances. Post-varicella encephalitis can produce two patterns of dramatic CT and MR findings. With an appropriate history and clinical findings, varicella as a cause of bilateral basal ganglia or diffuse cerebral lesions can be differentiated from other possible etiologies which include trauma, anoxia, metabolic disorders and demyelinating diseases.

Chickenpox↗