PubMed · 5972889
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P K Leppmann, B A Wieland. 1966. Visual distortion with two-colored spectacles.. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1966.23.3f.1043
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Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter regulating light-dark adaptation in the retina. The effect of dopamine is widespread and dependent on the localization of its receptors. We performed single cell RT-PCR on A-type horizontal cells visually selected from dissociated rabbit retinal neurons. Dopamine D1-receptor mRNA was positively identified. Subsequent sequencing of the fragment showed 82% homology with rat D1 receptor and 87% homology with human D1 receptor. This study supported previous observations that dopamine regulated A-type horizontal cell coupling via D1 receptors at the level of transcription.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of prism adaptation in the visually mature population with esotropia onset before visual maturation. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-five patients, 26 prism adapted for near (PAN) and 59 prism adapted for distance (PAD), were included in the study. METHODS: Patients included in this study were older than 9 years and had esotropia with an onset before age 9. Mean follow-up was 30 months (range = 6 weeks-164 months). All patients had prism adaptation and subsequent surgical correction. Surgical success was defined as peripheral fusion on the Worth 4-dot test and < or = 8(Delta) deviation at near and distance on the simultaneous prism and cover test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Response to preoperative prism adaptation and postoperative alignment and sensory results were examined. RESULTS: Twenty-six of the 85 patients had previous surgical esotropia correction. In the PAD group, 41 were responders. Seventeen of these had built their deviation > or = "0" > 10(Delta) with prism adaptation. All responders had surgery for their prism-adapted angle. Postoperatively, 34 of 41 (83%) responders and 6 of 18 (33%) nonresponders had fusion. In the PAN group, 17 were responders. Nine of these built their deviation with prisms. Postoperatively, 16 of 17 (94%) responders and builders and 1 of 9 (11%) nonresponders had successful surgery with sensory and motor fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with esotropia onset before visual maturation can be prism adapted and surgically treated with a predictable outcome of sensory and motor fusion. Those prism adapted for near with response can be successfully treated with surgery for the near deviation. Prism adaptation also aids in determining those who would benefit from larger amounts of surgery.
Theories of induction propose that the brightness of a test patch within a complex surround is explained by local contrast or by integrating contrasts from various regions within the surround, weighted inversely with the distance from the test. Results here corroborate that brightness induction from a patterned background depends on both contiguous and non-contiguous surrounding light, but the measurements were inconsistent with any linear integration of contrast at edges within the scene. In some conditions, assimilation rather than contrast to contiguous surrounding light was observed, depending on the luminance of the light in non-contiguous regions. This finding implies that brightness induction from patterned backgrounds depends on neural processes that can cause contrast and/or assimilation, depending on the luminance relation between contiguous and non-contiguous regions. A model in the literature postulating that the influence of a non-contiguous edge is regulated by the amount of contrast at the contiguous edge can accommodate brightness induced by these patterned backgrounds.