PubMed · 5905894
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1966-01-07. Airbron.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5905894/
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Palmitoylation of cysteine residue 34 within the 67-amino acid cytoplasmic domain of the 46-kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR 46), which may be anchored to the lipid bilayer, prevents the receptor from entering lysosomes (Schweizer, A., Kornfeld, S., and Rohrer, J. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 577-584). In the present study, we examined the importance of the spacing between the transmembrane domain and the palmitoylation anchor site in the cytoplasmic domain for stability and trafficking of MPR 46. MPR 46 mutants with deletions of residues 20-23 and 24-29 expressed in baby hamster kidney cells were rapidly degraded with half-lives of less than 10 h. The replacement of residues 24-29 by alanine resulted in prolongation of receptor stability (t(1)/(2) approximately 20 h). Whereas mutant MPR 46 could not be detected in lysosomal fractions and inhibitors of lysosomal proteases failed to prevent degradation, treatment with the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin resulted in increased stability of mutant MPR 46. Pulse-chase experiments at low temperature and the acquirement of endoglucosaminidase H-resistant oligosaccharides indicate that the majority of mutant MPR 46 is degraded after leaving the Golgi compartment. Altered trafficking of mutant MPR 46 may be the result of decreased palmitoylation reaching 40% of wild type receptors. The data suggest that the spacing between the transmembrane domain and the proposed palmitoylation anchor site in the cytoplasmic domain of MPR 46 is important for a post Golgi sorting step preventing receptor degradation by multiple proteolytic systems including the proteasome.
Angiotensin II acts on the cardiac fibroblast to produce a mitogenic response. Nitric oxide and N-acetylcysteine have been used to determine if oxidative stress influenced the effects of angiotensin II on the cardiac fibroblast. Angiotensin II activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases designated extracellular signal-regulated kinases within 5 min by interacting with the AT1 receptor. This activation was completely independent of protein kinase C and was inhibited when farnesylation was blocked, implicating Ras involvement. Pretreatment of cardiac fibroblasts with either N-acetylcysteine for 8 h or nitric oxide for 10 min suppressed this activation by angiotensin II in a dose-dependent manner. However, when both agents were added, inhibition was essentially complete. This combined effect of N-acetylcysteine and nitric oxide to block ERKs activation also was found if the activity was stimulated by either another growth factor (platelet-derived growth factor) or by the addition of phorbol ester, suggesting the effect was not limited to the receptor site alone. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that hormonal activation of mitogenic steps such as ERKs is influenced by increased oxidative stress, which is reduced by the combined effects of N-acetylcysteine and nitric oxide.
A major problem in assessing the role of calpains in apoptosis induction concerns the fact that calpain inhibitors can also impair the activity of the proteasome, also reported to be involved in apoptosis. Herein we showed that apoptosis induced by calphostin C in U937 human promonocytic leukemia cells was associated, at its onset, with enhanced protein (poly)ubiquitination. This observation prompted us to study whether protein degradation through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway was involved in apoptosis induction. We found that N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (50 microM), a proteasome as well as a calpain inhibitor, was able to reduce calphostin C-induced apoptosis by approximately 60%, whereas lactacystin (10 microM), a specific proteasome inhibitor, was ineffective. These results suggest that calphostin C-induced apoptosis is partly calpain-mediated, but does not require protein degradation through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway.