PubMed · 5888120
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G Wyszecki. 1965. Matching color differences.. https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.55.001319
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The chemical reactions contributing to sucrose loss and color formation in evaporators in sugar manufacture (i.e., hydrolysis of sucrose and degradation of monosaccharides at acid pH) are reviewed. A case study of a sugar factory's evaporator system demonstrates that the measurement of small but real losses of sucrose across the process is not possible by conventional sugar factory analyses. Alternative, more accurate techniques (e.g., capillary gas chromatography or high performance ion chromatography [HPIC] with pulsed amperometric detection [PAD]) are considered. In the case study, glucose:sucrose ratios are determined by HPIC, and sucrose loss across the evaporator is estimated to be 1.39% of total sucrose. Loss measurements are thought to be underestimates; reasons for underestimation and the sources of errors are discussed. An approach to a more definitive loss measurement is proposed.
UNLABELLED: GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Colour assessment of skin by visual inspection alone may be precise for a given individual although comparison between colours is only possible when they are viewed simultaneously. Subjective colour expression is also difficult to communicate with consistency. The limitations of visual observations may be overcome by colour-order systems and by instrumental measurements using either reflectance spectrophotometry or reflectance colorimetry following the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclariage) recommendations. Image analysis using sensitive colour video cameras is another accurate method to record and compare skin colours. The current instrumental methods have proven both sensitive and reliable. Numerical colour communication expresses colours more precisely than words and allows exact analysis of skin pigmentation and skin colour changes. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: The reader will be introduced to the origins of skin colours and with basic principles of their measurements. Methods of colour reading are reviewed with particular insight into practical procedures, pitfalls and correct interpretation of data.