PubMed · 5847578
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F A Jones. 1965. Carbenoxolone.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5847578/
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Licorice is an important medicinal herb worldwide, including three Chinese Pharmacopoeia species (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, G. glabra), with bioactive compounds crucial for disease treatment and industrial applications. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis, diversification, and environmental adaptation of bioactive compounds in Glycyrrhiza species have long remained unclear. Herein, we assembled a gapless telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome of G. uralensis with resolved telomeres and centromeres and three significantly improved high-quality chromosome-level Glycyrrhiza genomes, alongside a variation map of 188 wild accessions. Population analysis revealed evolutionary divergence among species, with selection signals linked to medicinal compound pathways. We identified 4CL5 as a key gene for stress response and compound synthesis. GWAS validation highlighted the GiPHL1-Gi4CL5 module's role in licochalcone A accumulation and enhanced stress adaptation in G. inflata. This study provides the first T2T Glycyrrhiza genome and insights into medicinal compound biosynthesis and environmental adaptation.
Standard Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) and false Ciguogancao (Glycyrrhiza pallidiflata Batal) were identified fast, nondestructively by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with derivative spectra and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D) in the present article. The result shows that although the two kinds of Gancao belong to one genus, there are some certain differences in their chemical components that are reflected in the IR spectra, but with some similarity and dissimilarity in the IR spectra. The two kinds of Gancao are quite different from each other in second derivative spectra and 2D spectra. Based on the differences reflected in the IR and 2D IR, the standard gancao can be identified from the false easily and clearly. The result also proved that there is a relationship between the IR spectra and the chemical components of the herbs. This method is fast, accurate and nondestructive, and the wastage of sample is less. The fast, accurate property of 2D spectroscopy makes it a powerful and new approach to evaluating medicinal herbs impersonally.
Two known saponins, licorice-saponin H2 and macedonoside A, were isolated from the stolons of Glycyrrhiza lepidota (American licorice) as major saponins. Since licorice-saponin H2 and macedonoside A are minor saponins isolated from the three glycyrrhizin-producing species (i.e. G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. inflata) and the three macedonoside C-producing species (i.e. G. macedonica, G. echinata, G. pallidiflora), respectively, the present study suggests that G. lepidota is an intermediate of both glycyrrhizin-producing and macedonoside C-producing species. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the nucleotide sequences of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene (rbcL) of these seven Glycyrrhiza plants indicated that G. lepidota was separated from the other six Glycyrrhiza species, and this phylogenetic relationship was in accordance with their saponin compositions.