PubMed · 5764462
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C Trey, L Lipworth, C S Davidson. 1969-03-06. Halothane and liver damage.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5764462/
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African populations are the most diverse in the world yet are sorely underrepresented in medical genetics research. Here, we examine the structure of African populations using genetic and comprehensive multi-generational ethnolinguistic data from the Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis study (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) consisting of 900 individuals from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. We find that self-reported language classifications meaningfully tag underlying genetic variation that would be missed with consideration of geography alone, highlighting the importance of culture in shaping genetic diversity. Leveraging our uniquely rich multi-generational ethnolinguistic metadata, we track language transmission through the pedigree, observing the disappearance of several languages in our cohort as well as notable shifts in frequency over three generations. We find suggestive evidence for the rate of language transmission in matrilineal groups having been higher than that for patrilineal ones. We highlight both the diversity of variation within Africa as well as how within-Africa variation can be informative for broader variant interpretation; many variants that are rare elsewhere are common in parts of Africa. The work presented here improves the understanding of the spectrum of genetic variation in African populations and highlights the enormous and complex genetic and ethnolinguistic diversity across Africa.
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BACKGROUND: Globalization carries information and technology opportunities and risks in widened inequalities, a resurgence of old health risks and reversal of health gains. METHODS: The paper explores the implications for epidemiological work in southern Africa and through two case studies-occupational health and equity in health-profiles challenges faced in that region. RESULTS: Occupational epidemiology is confronted by weak monitoring and regulatory systems, healthy worker effects, surveillance filters, and migration. Occupational disease determinants are masked by the combined effects of work, wider environmental risks, and high poverty-related disease. Health burdens associated with new production and trade patterns are thus largely unrecognized. Even when made visible, they may be ignored by economically vulnerable states and workers. Work on equity in health indicates the relevance of social and political determinants in the distribution of health resources. The shift of the cost burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS to poor communities and the weak public health response to HIV/AIDS suggest that economic and health reforms associated with globalization have both increased health inequalities and weakened social and political forces promoting equity and solidarity values in public health. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiology can demystify disease sources and explain determinants in a manner that impacts on public policy and action. Under current conditions of globalization this implies addressing methodological challenges and enhancing uptake of evidence in policy processes. Given the intensifying political struggle around health resources, increased attention needs to be given to participatory forms of inquiry that strengthen the influence of poor communities and public interest values in health policy.