PubMed · 5679420
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R Streli. 1968-09-09. [Finger angle meter].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5679420/
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We consider the estimation of sources of variation for panel data with repeated measurements. With no repeated measurements and known measurement error, models for variation decomposition have been proposed when there are one or more types of measurements. Estimation was performed using the EM algorithm accompanied by model augmentation that demands more computational efforts. In this article we extend previous variation models and modify the estimation methods in order to estimate various variation components after eliminating the unknown effects of measurement error. Specifically, methods that dispense with model augmentation and estimation of time-dependent covariates are considered. A set of lower leg length data from Chinese infants is analysed by using the proposed model. Interestingly, our results are consistent with the well-accepted three-phase (infancy-childhood-puberty) growth transition proposition for human growth. Moreover, gender effect is found to be time-varying.
A series of overarm throws, constrained to the parasagittal plane, were simulated using a muscle model actuated two-segment model representing the forearm and hand plus projectile. The parameters defining the modeled muscles and the anthropometry of the two-segment models were specific to the two young male subjects. All simulations commenced from a position of full elbow flexion and full wrist extension. The study was designed to elucidate the optimal inter-muscular coordination strategies for throwing projectiles to achieve maximum range, as well as maximum projectile kinetic energy for a variety of projectile masses. A proximal to distal (PD) sequence of muscle activations was seen in many of the simulated throws but not all. Under certain conditions moment reversal produced a longer throw and greater projectile energy, and deactivation of the muscles resulted in increased projectile energy. Therefore, simple timing of muscle activation does not fully describe the patterns of muscle recruitment which can produce optimal throws. The models of the two subjects required different timings of muscle activations, and for some of the tasks used different coordination patterns. Optimal strategies were found to vary with the mass of the projectile, the anthropometry and the muscle characteristics of the subjects modeled. The tasks examined were relatively simple, but basic rules for coordinating these tasks were not evident.
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