PubMed · 5356005
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G H Jonkers. 1969. [Glaucoma as social problem].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5356005/
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OBJECTIVE: Goldman-Rakic and Selemon (Schizophr. Bull. 23 (1997)) hypothesized that many of the symptoms of schizophrenia can be explained by deficits of working memory (WM) that are, in turn, caused by dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We examined whether older patients with schizophrenia would show an aberrant neural response in the DLPFC or other brain sites when performing a spatial working memory (WM) task adapted from McCarthy et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994)). METHOD: Middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and healthy volunteers performed a spatial WM task contrasted with two baselines, passive and active viewing (PV and AV, respectively), while blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) images were acquired in a functional magnetic resonance study. RESULTS: Patients did not perform significantly less well on the spatial tasks compared to the volunteers. Although we found no significant group effects in spatial WM activation of DLPFC, we did observe areas in medial frontal cortex including the left anterior cingulate gyrus, parietal areas of the both hemispheres, multiple sites within the basal ganglia of the left hemisphere, and the left superior temporal gyrus where healthy volunteers showed greater BOLD response to WM. In a second pattern, patients showed a greater BOLD response to WM in left fusiform gyrus [Brodmann's Area (BA) 19], peri-rolandic areas, medial frontal area; right anterior cerebellum (culmen), middle occipital lobe, and postcentral/supramarginal gyri (BA 2/40). CONCLUSIONS: Middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia display normal or near-normal spatial WM activation of DLPFC when the processing demands of the WM task are within their performance capacity. Nonetheless, even when patients perform nearly normally, they demonstrate an aberrant pattern of brain response.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in liver of fifty-seven individual trout distributed among seven high mountain lakes in Europe and one remote lake in Greenland. In all cases, very similar distributions were observed in which phenanthrene largely predominated and fluoranthene and pyrene were the second major compounds. These distributions were similar to those observed in the dissolved fraction of the waters studied in three of these lakes. The range of concentrations of PAH in fish liver show only a five-fold variation, which is considerably smaller than the range more than two orders of magnitude of sedimentary PAH concentrations of these lakes. No correlation between PAH content in sediments and fish liver has been found both at the level of total and individual compounds. However, lake site is the main statistically significant factor of variability between PAH concentrations in fish liver. Changes in fish species explain significant differences in liver content of some PAHs. Within lake, condition factor and liver concentration are inversely correlated. Female fish display lower average concentrations than male in all lakes but the differences are not statistically significant. No correspondence between fish age and PAH content has been observed.
BACKGROUND: An association between hydrocephalus and gastroesophageal motor abnormalities that cause gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is well known. Our aim was to investigate hydrocephalus-induced alterations in esophageal and gastric smooth muscle reactivity and their modulation by pharmacological interventions in the rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced in infantile rats by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Hydrocephalic and sham-operated rats were exsanguinated 2 weeks after surgery. Esophageal and gastric fundus smooth muscle strips were studied in vitro for their contractile and relaxant response to receptor activation in the organ chambers set up. Additionally, esophageal and gastric tissue specimens were examined histologically for GER-induced changes. RESULTS: No histological evidence of esophageal and gastric changes reflecting GER was observed in the specimens of the control and hydrocephalus-induced rats. Maximum contractile responses of esophageal and gastric fundus smooth muscle to KCl and muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol were increased in the hydrocephalic groups compared with the control groups. These changes were statistically significant. Relaxant responses to beta adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline were similar in the esophageal muscle strips of both hydrocephalic groups and the control groups. However, isoprenaline-induced relaxant responses of the gastric fundus muscle strips in the hydrocephalus-induced groups were significantly decreased as compared with the control groups. The relaxant responses to papaverine in the esophageal and gastric fundus smooth muscle strips were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed alterations of receptor-dependent and receptor-independent foregut smooth muscle reactivity in the hydrocephalus-induced rat pups. Therefore, we suggest that impaired smooth muscle reactivity at least in part may contribute to abnormalities of foregut motor function seen in patients with hydrocephalus.