PubMed · 5130229
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O Englander. 1971-12-04. Cot deaths.. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.4.5787.625-b
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The Italian Atlas of mortality at municipality level is the result of a research project coordinated by the Emilia-Romagna region and supported by the Health Ministry. To the realisation of this project have collaborated the Institute of Medical Statistics of Milano and the CILEA under the supervision of Prof. Cesare Cislaghi. Compared to previous equivalent products, this Atlas contains a number of methodological and content innovations. This was a consequence of the development of new statistical methods and the need of achieving different aims. First of all, the Atlas was aimed at describing the mortality at small area level, which is obtained via Kernel estimates; secondly, the objective was to identify suspect clusters of deaths which may suggest the existence of high risk areas. The Mortality Atlas is formed by 31 tables, one for each of the analysed cause of death; each table has a circular shape of 100 hundred kilometers radius and contains a variable number of municipalities; each municipality may be present in more than one circle. The Atlas is available on magnetic support and for each cause of death are provided several statistical analyses and indicators included in different files. One of these files can be directly used to build high quality maps using the graphical package MAPINFO.
The Italian Morality Atlas at municipality level, sponsored by the Health Ministry and realized by the Emilia-Romagna region in collaboration with the Institute of Medical Statistics of Milano, is aimed at: 1) supporting and stimulating the local production of mortality maps and the use of geographical data; 2) providing a working and research tool to local health planners; 3) setting a routine procedure for the detection of spatial clusters. This procedure is organized in several steps: the definition of the spatial domain and of the spatial distance metrics; the choice of the effect indicator and the standard population; the estimate of the density risk surface via kernel methods; the identification of "local maxima"; the analysis of local maxima for cluster detection; the description of the identified clusters. The paper investigates the meaning and the characteristics of spatial clusters, describes the procedure for their identification and discusses the opportunity to use an automated approach for map reading.
STUDY DESIGN: This study is based on direct quantitative caliper measurements of 88 isolated anatomic specimens of the C1 vertebra. OBJECTIVES: The study was undertaken to establish the range and variability of the external dimensions of the atlas and to describe the cortical thicknesses and trabecular distribution of this unique vertebra. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Before this study, Francis in 1952 reported the total anterior and posterior diameter of 285 atlas vertebrae. Liu et al reported detailed external dimensions and facet joint surface morphologies on a total of three C1 vertebrae. METHODS: Measurements were made of overall dimensions, canal diameters, and the dimensions of the anterior and posterior arches of 88 dried human C1 vertebrae. Eight specimens were sectioned in the frontal plane, eight in the sagittal plane, and four in the coronal plane. The anatomy of these sections was documented by radiographic imaging. Cortical thicknesses on the sections were then obtained by direct measurement. RESULTS: The canal diameter ranged from 32 mm (SD 2 mm) in the sagittal plane, and 29 mm (SD 2 mm) in the lateral dimension. The mean thickness of the anterior ring was 6 mm (SD 1 mm) and posteriorly was 8 mm (SD 2 mm). Cortical bone was thinnest posteriorly. CONCLUSIONS: These measurements indicated remarkably constant dimensions for the ring itself, suggesting there may be significant functional restraints on the canal size of this unique vertebra. In contrast, a significant variability was noted in objective measurements of lateral mass height and sagittal plane widths of the entire bone.