PubMed · 4950708
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B W Haynes. 1971. Burn therapy--a current appraisal.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4950708/
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Deriving adequate withdrawal intervals for extralabel use of veterinary topical products is difficult because there are limited published data, and data for approved drugs and pesticides are usually proprietary. Where possible, approved products and doses labeled for the specific indication at hand should be used and label withdrawal times should be adhered to. When determining whether topical application of these chemicals may violate tolerance levels in meat and milk, the veterinarian often is limited to empirical data. In the decision-making process, factors, such as type of drug and pesticide formulations used, method of topical application, presence of hair or wool, environmental conditions, and animal species treated, should be considered. In many cases a conservative estimate for the slaughter withdrawal interval can be derived, despite the data gaps. Such recommendations should not be used for routine extralabel use, but are meant to apply to situations in which the drug or pesticide has been used, and human food safety concerns must be addressed.
The persistence of the effect of ivermectin and abamectin against gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworm in cattle was evaluated in two trials, each involving 28 animals. Groups of seven cattle either remained untreated, or were treated topically with ivermectin at 500 micrograms/kg bodyweight or subcutaneously with either ivermectin or abamectin at 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight. Starting on the day of treatment the cattle were given daily trickle infections with various infective nematode larvae for two weeks (Haemonchus species, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia species), three weeks (Ostertagia ostertagi and Oesophagostomum radiatum) and four weeks (Dictyocaulus viviparus). The cattle were killed 49 to 51 days after treatment and their worm burdens measured. An efficacy of > 99 per cent was recorded in all the groups demonstrating that the products controlled Haemonchus species, T axei, C oncophora, C punctata and C surnabada for at least two weeks, O ostertagi and O radiatum for at least three weeks and D viviparus for at least four weeks.
Atopic dermatitis is a type of eczema determined by polygenic inheritance which is often associated with further phenotypes of the atopic syndrome such as extrinsic asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Discussion of pathogenesis includes complex immunological and biochemical disorders as well as various triggering environmental factors. Characteristic patterns of distribution and morphology of the lesions vary with the patient's age. In addition, there is a broad spectrum of clinical variants. Diagnosis is based on stage-dependent eczematous morphology, if necessary validated by histology, family and personal history and clinical features of atopy, as well as on the results of allergologic assessment primarily comprising intra- and epicutaneous testing. Topical corticosteroids still are the main therapeutic approach.