PubMed · 4898021
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I A Brody, R H Wilkins. 1969. Erb's palsy.. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1969.00480160114014
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This clinical review will describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of the following work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of the distal upper extremity: deQuervain's disease, extensor and flexor forearm tendinitis/tendinosis, lateral and medial epicondylitis, cubital tunnel syndrome, and hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). These conditions were selected for review either because they were among the most common WMSDs among patients attending the New York State Occupational Health Clinics (NYSOHC) network, or because there is strong evidence for work-relatedness in the clinical literature. Work-related carpal tunnel syndrome is discussed in an accompanying paper. In an attempt to provide evidence-based treatment recommendations, literature searches on the treatment of each condition were conducted via Medline for the years 1985-1999. There was a dearth of studies evaluating the efficacy of specific clinical treatments and ergonomic interventions for WMSDs. Therefore, many of the treatment recommendations presented here are based on a consensus of experienced public health-oriented occupational medicine physicians from the NYSOHC network after review of the pertinent literature. A summary table of the clinical features of the disorders is presented as a reference resource.
Multiple anomalies of vertebral and long bone growth were observed in the incomplete skeleton of an adult male from a collection of 693 medieval skeletons excavated at Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The skeleton consists of a fragmented skull, right scapula and humerus, left humerus, radius, ulna and partial hand, vertebrae from C1 to T11, and fragments of the ribs and sternum. The bones were examined, measured, and radiographed. The humeri are abnormally short and thick, with exaggerated muscle attachments. Both shoulder joints show extensive osteoarthritic destruction. Some vertebrae show slight flattening of the bodies, and there is possible evidence of both kyphosis and scoliosis. Skull, forearm, and hand bones are of normal size and morphology. Lack of lower limb bones and abnormal proportions in the upper limbs prevent meaningful estimation of stature. However, the other features of the skeleton are consistent with a diagnosis of spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia. No other skeletons displaying similar anomalies were observed.
The third part of the axillary artery unilaterally divides into two major arterial stems, named according to their localization as deep brachial artery and superficial brachial artery (brachial artery). The deep brachial artery gives off the posterior circumflex humeral artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, subscapular artery, and profunda brachii artery. It continues its course in the arm lateral to the median nerve and terminates by giving a minute twig to the radial artery. The superficial brachial artery is larger in caliber than the deep brachial artery and gives no branches in the arm region. In the cubital fossa it gives the ulnar and the radial arteries. This case is a variant of the axillary artery that has been rarely (0.12-3.2%) documented in the literature. Accurate knowledge of the normal and variant arterial anatomy of the axillary artery is important for clinical procedures in this region. Clin. Anat. 13: 66-68, 2000.