PubMed · 4563387
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H I Winner. 1972. Studies on candida.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4563387/
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Glycosaminoglycans like heparin and heparin sulfate in follicular fluid induce changes in the intracellular environment during the spermatozoal functional maturation. We previously reported the isolation, purification and partial characterization of a heparin binding sperm membrane protein (HBSM). In the present study, the amino acids analysis provided evidence of a single sequence, which suggest the homogeneity of the purified HBSM. Fourteen amino acids--(1)A D T I V A V E L D T Y P N(14)--correspond to the amino terminal sequence of Concanavalin A (Con A) and contain 45.2% carbohydrate by weight. HBSM possess mitogenic property on lymphocytes with comparable magnitude to the well-known mitogen; Con A, inducing 83% radiolabel thymidine incorporation in growing lymphocytes. Unlike Con A, there was no agglutination of cell by HBSM upto 5 ng/ml concentration. Interestingly, we found that heparin and chondroitin sulfate-conjugated HBSM inhibit the proliferative activity. Similar effect was also found with an in-house isolate sulfated glycans; G-I (28% sulfate). In contrast, there was no inhibition by the desulfated form; G-ID. Altogether, our data suggest that the mechanism of cell proliferative pathway may be different for HBSM and Con A.
Geobacter sulfurreducens required expression of electrically conductive pili to form biofilms on Fe(III) oxide surfaces, but pili were also essential for biofilm development on plain glass when fumarate was the sole electron acceptor. Furthermore, pili were needed for cell aggregation in agglutination studies. These results suggest that the pili of G. sulfurreducens also have a structural role in biofilm formation.
Expression of a polysaccharide capsule is required for the full pathogenicity of many mucosal pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although capsule allows for evasion of opsonization and subsequent phagocytosis during invasive infection, its role during mucosal colonization, the organism's commensal state, remains unknown. Using a mouse model, we demonstrate that unencapsulated mutants remain capable of nasal colonization but at a reduced density and duration compared to those of their encapsulated parent strains. This deficit in colonization was not due to increased susceptibility to opsonophagocytic clearance involving complement, antibody, or the influx of Ly-6G-positive cells, including neutrophils seen during carriage. Rather, unencapsulated mutants remain agglutinated within lumenal mucus and, thus, are less likely to transit to the epithelial surface where stable colonization occurs. Studies of in vitro binding to immobilized human airway mucus confirmed the inhibitory effect of encapsulation. Likewise, pneumococcal variants expressing larger amounts of negatively charged capsule per cell were less likely to adhere to surfaces coated with human mucus and more likely to evade initial clearance in vivo. Removal of negatively charged sialic acid residues by pretreatment of mucus with neuraminidase diminished the antiadhesive effect of encapsulation. This suggests that the inhibitory effect of encapsulation on mucus binding may be mediated by electrostatic repulsion and offers an explanation for the predominance of anionic polysaccharides among the diverse array of unique capsule types. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that capsule confers an advantage to mucosal pathogens distinct from its role in inhibition of opsonophagocytosis--escape from entrapment in lumenal mucus.