PubMed · 4523144
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A Chiarenza. 1974. Tissue response to functioning dental implants.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4523144/
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3D bioprinting has begun to show great promise in advancing the development of functional tissue/organ replacements. However, to realize the true potential of 3D bioprinted tissues for clinical use requires the fabrication of an interconnected and effective vascular network. Solving this challenge is critical, as human tissue relies on an adequate network of blood vessels to transport oxygen, nutrients, other chemicals, biological factors and waste, in and out of the tissue. Here, we have successfully designed and printed a series of novel 3D bone scaffolds with both bone formation supporting structures and highly interconnected 3D microvascular mimicking channels, for efficient and enhanced osteogenic bone regeneration as well as vascular cell growth. Using a chemical functionalization process, we have conjugated our samples with nano hydroxyapatite (nHA), for the creation of novel micro and nano featured devices for vascularized bone growth. We evaluated our scaffolds with mechanical testing, hydrodynamic measurements and in vitro human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion (4 h), proliferation (1, 3 and 5 d) and osteogenic differentiation (1, 2 and 3 weeks). These tests confirmed bone-like physical properties and vascular-like flow profiles, as well as demonstrated enhanced hMSC adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Additional in vitro experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells also demonstrated improved vascular cell growth, migration and organization on micro-nano featured scaffolds.
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The purpose of the present investigation was to study the histological morphology of the e-PTFE membrane/tissue interface in 5 humans subjected to GBR treatment in conjunction with oral implant treatment. Oral implants (Brånemark System) were inserted in extraction sockets 1 to 2 months after extraction of periodontally diseased teeth. The implants were placed approximately 2 mm below the surrounding bone margins. Specially designed 3 mm high cover-screws with horizontal slits for tissue ingrowth were applied to the implants and covered with e-PTFE membranes (GoreTex Augmentation Material). Re-entry was made 7 months later, except in 1 case where the membrane was removed 1 month postoperatively due to exposure and infection. In the remaining 4 sites, circular biopsies comprising membranes, tissues and cover-screws were retrieved. The specimens were fixated, processed and sectioned for light- and transmission electron microscopy. The space between the membrane and the cover-screw was occupied by fibrous tissue and varying amounts of bone. A cell- and vessel-rich fibrous tissue separated the bone from the membrane in the majority of the specimens. The membrane itself was penetrated by fibrous tissue. Fibroblasts and macrophages were the main cell types found in the fibrous tissue. The presence of irregularly shaped cells and unevenly distributed collagen fibres, indicated that the absence of bone formation may be due either to micromovements in the e-PTFE/tissue interface or to formation of fibrous tissue underneath the membrane by penetrating fibroblasts or a combination of these 2 phenomena.