PubMed · 4497738
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K Clark. 1974. Emergency sterilization.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4497738/
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We analyzed the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) bromoform (BF), bromoacetic acid (BA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), tribromoacetic acid (TCA), chloroform (CF), chloroacetic acid (CA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone (MX), and potassium bromate (KBrO3) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, and RSJ100 +/- S9. Solvent controls of DMSO and ethanol and a positive control of ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) were also analyzed. We developed a rapid microplate-based method to determine the cytotoxicity of the DBPs and we determined their mutagenic potencies. The distributions of the rank order for the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of these DBPs were compared and the structure-function relationships were identified. TA100 -S9 was the most sensitive strain for these DBPs. The rank order of the mutagenic potency adjusted with a cytoxicity factor was MX > BA > EMS > DBA > DCA > CA with TBA, TCA, BF, and CF not mutagenic. From a structure-function perspective, the brominated acetic acids were more cytotoxic and mutagenic than their chlorinated analogs. BA was 150x more mutagenic than CA. The mutagenic potency of the haloacetic acids was inversely related to the number of halogen atoms of the molecule. BA was 36x more mutagenic than DBA. The differential cytotoxicity expressed by the DBPs indicated that a cytotoxicity analysis enhanced the sensitivity of the mutagenicity data, which resulted in an enhanced precision for comparing their relative mutagenic strengths. This information is critical when conducting quantitative structure-function analysis of these hazardous agents.
Glutaraldehyde (GA) solutions are widely used in hospitals to disinfect reusable fiber-optic endoscopes. These solutions are dumped after use in the aquatic environment without any particular safety precautions. Taking into account the quantity of GA consumed daily and the released water volume, the predicted hospital wastewater concentration was estimated at 0.50 mg/L. To measure the real GA concentration present in hospital wastewater, we developed an analytical technique that is simple, sensitive, and reliable. This method consists of a water sample concentration and purification by solid phase extraction and then a spectrophotometric determination. This analytical method was used for a 1-week surveillance program at Rouen University Hospital (2,600 beds). The wastewater tested showed the presence of a concentrated peak approximately eight times higher than the predicted wastewater concentration. The environmental impact of GA release into the aquatic environment was then studied. A predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) < 1 microg/L was calculated. In most situations the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) was found to be <0.5 microg/L taking into account the hospital wastewater dilution in its way to the sewage treatment plant and GA biodegradation. The PEC/PNEC ratio is then < 1, showing that this release are not expected to present a significant risk to the aquatic environment. However in situations of insufficient dilution or of major release, the PEC/PNEC ratio become > 1, and an environmental risk should be expected. An internal prevention program of the various hospital departments to assure GA rational use, and a release spreading would give an additional safety margin to consider GA as safe in terms of environmental risk.
The treated water at the outlet of treatment plants and representative service reservoirs of Mumbai city have been evaluated for trihalomethane formation potential in 1995-1996. Chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform have been monitored during monsoon, winter and summer. The levels of chloroform are found above the regulated WHO guideline value of 200 microg L(-1) in final water during postmonsoon at Ghatkopar (226 microg L(-1)), Malbar (210.3 microg L(-1)) and Tulsi (231.26 microg L(-1)).