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Delphi study robot consenso: Strategies for the implementation of robotic surgery in general surgery in the Spanish hospital network.

Sara Gortázar·Ernesto Barzola·Ana Sánchez·Mario Álvarez-Gallego·Jacobo Trébol·Luis Sánchez·Benedetto Ielpo·Asunción Acosta·Iván Arteaga·Jaime Iturbe·Carmen Cagigas·Jaime López·María Caballero·Manuel Lozano·Juan Carlos Gómez Rosado·Juan Bellido·Grupo Colaborativo ROBOT CONSENSO
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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of robotic surgery in public hospitals presents multiple logistical, educational, and organizational challenges. In the absence of unified guidelines, a national consensus is required to optimize its safe and efficient adoption. This study aimed to establish a set of consensus-based and measurable recommendations for the implementation of robotic surgery programs in hospitals within the Spanish National Health System, based on the experience of centres with established robotic programs and intended to serve as guidance for hospitals that are initiating or planning their implementation. METHODS: A national Delphi study was conducted with the participation of robotic surgery experts from 26 public hospitals. The expert panel was composed exclusively of digestive surgeons with experience in robotic surgery. Three iterative rounds of expert panel evaluation were conducted between March 2024 and March 2025. The questions were grouped into five thematic blocks. Consensus was defined as an agreement level of ≥66.7%. Kendall's W coefficient was used to assess concordance. RESULTS: High levels of consensus were achieved on key aspects related to infrastructure, structured training, cost evaluation, and quality assurance mechanisms. Areas of disagreement were also identified, such as the need for a dedicated anaesthesiologist, purchase of accessory instruments during the initial phase, and official accreditation pathways. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a guideline for developing a national robotic surgery strategy focused on patient safety, program sustainability, and standardized training of surgical teams. These recommendations can guide hospitals at different stages of robotic technology adoption. Given that the consensus was reached from an exclusively surgical perspective, the recommendations focus on patient safety, program sustainability, and standardized training of the surgical team, and should be interpreted in an adaptable manner according to each centre's context, case volume, and available resources.

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Cirugía Asistida por RobotDelphi TechniqueHealth PolicyPersonal de HospitalPersonnel, HospitalPolítica de SaludProcedimientos Quirúrgicos RobóticosRobotic Surgical ProceduresSurgery, Computer-AssistedTécnica DelphiJournal Article

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Sara Gortázar, Ernesto Barzola, Ana Sánchez, Mario Álvarez-Gallego, Jacobo Trébol, Luis Sánchez, Benedetto Ielpo, Asunción Acosta, Iván Arteaga, Jaime Iturbe, Carmen Cagigas, Jaime López, María Caballero, Manuel Lozano, Juan Carlos Gómez Rosado, Juan Bellido, Grupo Colaborativo ROBOT CONSENSO. 2026-09-01. Delphi study robot consenso: Strategies for the implementation of robotic surgery in general surgery in the Spanish hospital network.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cireng.2026.800378

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